Incipient Wind-Generation of Ocean Waves by a Norther1

1957 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 399-404
Author(s):  
Basil W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Wind Generation ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Good Agreement

Details are presented of observations and photographs of the sea surface in the Gulf of Mexico, near Galveston, obtained during a south-north run on a formal cruise of the A. A. Jakkula, oceanographic vessel of the Texas A. & M. Research Foundation. The occasion was highlighted by the advent of a norther which provided an example of incipient wind-generation of waves from ripples. The first stage of the run had following winds and swells from the south. After a period of calm the wind backed to the north and wavelets from the north developed against the southerly swell. Good agreement is obtained between the observed heights and periods of waves and those determind by forecasting procedures which make suitable allowance for the moving fetch and the variability of the wind within it.

Notes on the Franciscans in the Huasteca Region of Mexico

1955 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-447
Author(s):  
Joaquín Meade
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Conversion ◽  
Far North ◽  
The North ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Northeastern Mexico

The huasteca region in northeastern Mexico covers sections of the six states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, and Querétaro. Its boundaries are approximately the following: to the north the river Soto la Marina, known in the sixteenth century as the Rio de las Palmas; to the south the Rio Cazones; to the east the Gulf of Mexico and to the west the mountainous section of the eastern Sierra Madre.The Christian conversion of the Huasteca began, no doubt, in 1518 with the expedition of Juan de Grijalva, who actually sailed as far north as Tuxpan and Tamiahua in the Huastec region of the state of Veracruz. John Diaz, a priest, accompanied this expedition. In 1519 Francisco de Garay, then in Jamaica, sent Alonso Alvarez de Pineda to Tampico and the Río Panuco, where he stayed some time and made contact with the Huastecs who belong to the great Maya family.

scholarly journals Application of interval approach to pattern recognition for identification of preceeding baric structures that determine extreme thermal modes in the South-Kuril area in summer

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-483
Author(s):  
T. A. Shatilina ◽  
G. Sh. Tsitsiashvili ◽  
T. V. Radchenkova
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Okhotsk Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Interval Approach ◽  
Warm Summer ◽  
Extreme Cold

Patterns of atmosphere baric fields preceeded to development of extreme thermal modes in the South-Kuril area in summer are identified using the interval approach to their recogni tion. The best recognition rates are noted for the field of AT 500 hPa over the region of East Asia in February, March, May, and June. Extreme cold summer conditions in the South-Kuril area in summer were preceeded by development of AT 500 hPa trough and baric depression at the sea surface over East Asia in these winter and spring months. Warm summer conditions in the South-Kuril area were preceeded by opposite patterns, as AT 500 hPa ridge over the North-West Pacific and high pressure over the Okhotsk Sea, with positive anomalies of H500 height over the North-West Pacific and Kuril Islands.

Remote impact of North Atlantic sea surface temperature errors in sub‐seasonal forecasts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Roberts ◽  
Frederic Vitart ◽  
Magdalena Balmaseda
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Gulf Stream ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

<p>The ECMWF sub-seasonal forecast model includes dynamic representations of the atmosphere, ocean, sea-ice, and ocean-waves. Coupling to a dynamic ocean model allows more a realistic representation of air-sea interaction, but also introduces the potential for systematic errors in sea surface temperatures (SST). Here, we show that North Atlantic SST biases associated with errors in the position of the Gulf Stream have a significant impact on initialized forecasts at the sub‐seasonal time range. Correcting these errors with an online SST bias‐correction scheme improves the mean state of the North Atlantic region and has a significant positive impact on forecasts of atmospheric circulation anomalies. Improvements to forecast skill extend beyond the North Atlantic into Europe and along the northern hemisphere subtropical waveguide. These impacts provide important evidence for the potential benefits to initialized coupled forecast systems of higher‐resolution ocean models that can better resolve the position of the Gulf Stream.</p><p>Reference: Roberts, C. D., Vitart, F., & Balmaseda, M. A. Hemispheric impact of North Atlantic SSTs in sub‐seasonal forecasts. Geophysical Research Letters, e2020GL091446.</p>

scholarly journals Reservoir Ages in the Western Tropical North Atlantic from One Coral off Martinique Island (Lesser Antilles)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-652
Author(s):  
Martine Paterne ◽  
Nathalie Feuillet ◽  
Guy Cabioch ◽  
Elsa Cortijo ◽  
Dominique Blamart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
The South ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The North ◽  
Tropical North Atlantic

AbstractSea surface reservoir ages (R) are reported from radiocarbon (14C) measurements of the annual growth bands of coral Siderastrea siderea collected on the Atlantic coast off Martinique Island, in the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc. Mean values of R are similar between 1835 and 1845 during pre-anthropogenic times at 385±30 yr and between 1895 and 1905 at 382±20 yr when there was a huge eruption from the Montagne Pelée volcano in 1902–1903. Limited 14C aging of sea surface (~40 yr) may be due to enhanced volcanic activity. Variability of R is slightly greater during 1835–1845 than during 1895–1905. It is linked to a moderate increase of ∆14C of 5‰, strengthened by a clear increase of δ18O of 0.4‰. This is attributed to a decrease of the northward advection of the South Atlantic Waters into the western tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea and relative enhanced westward flux of the tropical North Atlantic surface waters, the southern waters having lower values of 14C and δ18O than the North Atlantic ones. From 1835 to 1845, the fraction of the South Atlantic Waters transported up to Martinique Island was reduced from 25% to 15%.

scholarly journals Influences of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans on Rainy Season Precipitation for the Southernmost Caribbean Small Island State, Trinidad

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 707
Author(s):  
Nkese D. Mc Shine ◽  
Ricardo M. Clarke ◽  
Silvio Gualdi ◽  
Antonio Navarra ◽  
Xsitaaz T. Chadee
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Small Island ◽  
The South ◽  
Island States ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Composite Maps

Seasonal rainfall in the Caribbean Basin is known to be modulated by sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and particularly those in the Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic and the Tropical North Atlantic. However, little is known about how these major oceans influence the seasonal precipitation of individual small island states within the region as climate variability at the island-scale may differ from the Caribbean as a whole. Correlation and composite analyses were determined using monthly rainfall data for the southernmost island of the Caribbean, Trinidad, and an extended area of global SSTAs. In addition to the subregions that are known to modulate Caribbean rainfall, our analyses show that sea surface temperatures (SSTs) located in the subtropical South Pacific, the South Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico also have weak (r2 < 0.5) yet significant influences on the islands’ early rainy season (ERS) and late rainy season (LRS) precipitation. Composite maps confirm that the South Pacific, South Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico show significant SSTAs in December–January–February (DJF) and March–April–May (MAM) prior to the ERS and the LRS. Statistical models for seasonal forecasting of rainfall at the island scale could be improved by using the SSTAs of the Pacific and Atlantic subregions identified in this study.

scholarly journals On the non-geostrophic appearance of some mean surface velocity observations in the Gulf of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILTON STURGES
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Geostrophic Balance ◽  
Sea Surface Heights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Surface Drifters ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractA previous study of currents in the Gulf of Mexico by the author used long-term means from three independent data sources. Ship-drift results are in good agreement with surface drifters, but these two do not agree with satellite sea-surface heights (SSH). The agreement between the first two suggested the possibility that there could be errors in the SSH or that the mean surface flow is not in geostrophic balance. The present results, using the addition of a fourth long-term mean from hydrographic data, which agrees with the SSH, resolves the issue. The lack of agreement between different long-term means is from inadequate coverage in space and time in data from ship drifts and drifters.

scholarly journals Paleohydrology reconstruction and Holocene climate variability in the South Adriatic Sea

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 4357-4399 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Siani ◽  
M. Magny ◽  
M. Paterne ◽  
M. Debret ◽  
M. Fontugne
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The South ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Middle Holocene ◽  
The North ◽  
Holocene Period

Abstract. Holocene paleohydrology reconstruction was derived combining planktic and benthic stable oxygen and carbon isotopes, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and oxygen isotope composition of seawater (δ18Ow) from a high sedimentation core collected in the south Adriatic sea (SAS). Chronology of core is based on 10 AMS 14C measures on planktic foraminifera and tephra markers. Results reveal two contrasted paleohydrological periods that reflect (i) a marked lowering of δ 18Ow/salinity during the early to middle Holocene (11.5 ka to 6.3 ka), including the two-steps sapropel S1 deposition, followed during the middle to upper Holocene by (ii) a prevailed period of increased salinity and enhanced arid conditions in the south Adriatic basin. Superimposed on these trends, short-term centennial-scale hydrological events punctuated the Holocene period in the SAS. During the Early to Middle Holocene, a short-term SST cooling together with a prominent δ 18Ow/salinity lowering, more pronounced than during the sapropel S1 phase, delineates the sapropel S1 interruption. This short interval, coeval to the 8.2 ka event, is also distinguished by a resumption of deep-water convection in the SAS as indicated by stable isotope reconstruction on benthic forminifera. After 6 ka, centennial-scale δ18Ow and G. bulloides δ13C lowering, mostly centered between 3 to 0.6 ka, reflect short term hydrological changes related to a more intensive Po river runoff. These short-term events, even of lesser amplitude compared to the early to middle Holocene period, may have induced a lowering of sea surface density and consequently reduced and/or inhibited the formation of deep bottom waters in the SAS. Comparison of the emerging centennial to millennial-scale hydrological record with previous climatic records from the central Mediterranean area and north of the Alps revealed possible synchronicities (within the radiocarbon-dating uncertainty) between phases of lower salinity in SAS and periods of wetter climatic conditions around the north-central Adriatic Sea. Finally, wavelet analyses provide new clues about the potential origin of climate variability in the SAS confirming the evidence for a mid-Holocene transition in the Central Mediterranean climate and the dominance of a ~ 1700 yr periodicity after 6 ka that reflects a plausible connection with the North Atlantic climate system.

Directional spectrum of wind-generated ocean waves

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-464
Author(s):  
Mahinder S. Uberoi
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Directional Spectrum ◽  
Empirical Prediction ◽  
The North ◽  
Optical Computer ◽  
The North Atlantic

Two sets of published data on an area 2700ft. by 1800ft. of sea surface in the North Atlantic are analysed by an optical computer which gives directly the directional spectrum. The results are compared with (i) those of other investigators obtained laboriously by using a digital computer, (ii) the frequency spectrum, and (iii) an empirical prediction.

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