On the Tropospheric Ozone Variations in a Coastal Area of Southwestern Europe under a Mesoscale Circulation

Abstract It is well established that surface ozone levels are greatly affected by orography, solar radiation intensity, meteorological conditions, and the levels of their precursors. In this work, the authors study the sea–land breeze circulation in its relation with the behavior of ozone in a coastal area, located in southwestern Europe, with high levels of solar radiation and an important industrial complex emitting air pollutants. Hourly mean data over a 7-yr period (1999–2005) have been used in the study. Two patterns of sea–land breeze have been identified after analyzing 2298 days of measurements: a “pure” breeze (179 cases) and another one, called a “nonpure” breeze (284 cases), which is the resulting flow of the former and northwesterlies synoptic forcing. Among other results, the highest levels of surface ozone were observed under pure sea–land breeze, with hourly values up to 100 μg m−3 in the mean daily evolution. In contrast, for a nonpure breeze, the 24-h average daily value was lower than the corresponding one under a pure breeze by a factor of 1.16 and could reach 1.60 in representative real cases. These findings give evidence that the formation and accumulation of ozone are favored by the conditions under a pure sea–land breeze: that is, perpendicular wind directions toward the coastline, effective recirculation of air masses, and formation of ozone residual layers above the sea. Because these atmospheric conditions occur in other coastal regions in the world, the conclusions of this study could be extended to them.

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On the sub-micron aerosol size distribution in a coastal-rural site at El Arenosillo Station (SW – Spain)

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-11-11185-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 11185-11206 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

M. Sorribas ◽

B. A. de la Morena ◽

B. Wehner ◽

J. F. López ◽

N. Prats ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Size Distribution ◽

Particle Formation ◽

Rural Site ◽

Aerosol Size Distribution ◽

Land Breeze ◽

Air Masses ◽

Desert Dust ◽

Median Size ◽

The Mean ◽

Marine Air

Abstract. This study focuses on the analysis of the sub-micron aerosol characteristics at El Arenosillo Station, a rural and coastal environment in South-western Spain between 1 August 2004 and 31 July 2006 (594 days). The mean total concentration (NT) was 8660 cm−3 and the mean concentrations in the nucleation (NNUC), Aitken (NAIT) and accumulation (NACC) particle size ranges were 2830 cm−3, 4110 cm−3 and 1720 cm−3, respectively. Median size distribution was characterised by a single-modal fit, with a geometric diameter, median number concentration and geometric standard deviation of 60 nm, 5390 cm−3 and 2.31, respectively. Characterisation of primary emissions, secondary particle formation, changes to meteorology and long-term transport has been necessary to understand the seasonal and annual variability of the total and modal particle concentration. Number concentrations exhibited a diurnal pattern with maximum concentrations around noon. This was governed by the concentrations of the nucleation and Aitken modes during the warm seasons and only by the nucleation mode during the cold seasons. Similar monthly mean total concentrations were observed throughout the year due to a clear inverse variation between the monthly mean NNUC and NACC. It was related to the impact of desert dust and continental air masses on the monthly mean particle levels. These air masses were associated with high values of NACC which suppressed the new particle formation (decreasing NNUC). Each day was classified according to a land breeze flow or a synoptic pattern influence. The median size distribution for desert dust and continental aerosol was dominated by the Aitken and accumulation modes, and marine air masses were dominated by the nucleation and Aitken modes. Particles moved offshore due to the land breeze and had an impact on the particle burden at noon, especially when the wind was blowing from the NW sector in the morning during summer time. This increased NNUC and NAIT by factors of 3.1 and 2.4, respectively. Nucleation events with the typical "banana" shape were characterised by a mean particle nucleation rate of 0.74 cm−3 s−1, a mean growth rate of 1.96 nm h−1 and a mean total duration of 9.25 h (starting at 10:55 GMT and ending at 20:10 GMT). They were observed for 48 days. Other nucleation events were identified as those produced by the emissions from the industrial areas located at a distance of 35 km. They were observed for 42 days. Both nucleation events were strongly linked to the marine air mass origin.

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Estimating Solar Radiation Intensity from Other Meteorological Data

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v54i2.11100 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 377-389

Author(s):

Modesto Capiel

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Multiple Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Solar Radiation Intensity ◽

Period Data ◽

The Mean ◽

Analysis Equation

Estimates of solar radiation (Ri) by 15-day periods were calculated from other available meteorological data by multiple regression analysis of Eo = f(Ri, u, Ta) ed), and then solving for Ri from the most significant equation of the model given above. Only solar radiation wind speed (u) and air temperature (Ta) were found to correlate significantly with Eo. The solution in terms of Ri (equation /4/) then was used to obtain estimates of solar radiation for 1- to 5-day periods. The mean ratio of estimated Ri to measured Ri approached unity (0.95), while the coefficient of variation was 8.9 percent, as compared to 5.1 percent for the original 15-day period data. It was found when these were compared to measured values that neglect of air temperature reduced precision of the estimates. Equation /4/ (the indirect solution) next was evaluated on the basis of foreign data, representing extreme meteorological conditions as those in Bet Dagan, Israel and Cristobal, Panamá. This equation also was compared at the same time to a direct solution of Ri by multiple regression analysis (equation /6/), a solution which directly minimizes the deviations about Ri. Statistical data are presented which compare the precision of the estimates by either equation (/4/ and /6/).

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Development and evaluation of the Screening Trajectory Ozone Prediction System (STOPS, version 1.0)

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-8-1383-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 1383-1394 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. H. Czader ◽

P. Percell ◽

D. Byun ◽

S. Kim ◽

Y. Choi

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Prediction System ◽

Atmospheric Conditions ◽

Detailed Chemistry ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Ozone Prediction ◽

The Mean ◽

Simulation Results

Abstract. A hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian based modeling tool has been developed using the Eulerian framework of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. It is a moving nest that utilizes saved original CMAQ simulation results to provide boundary conditions, initial conditions, as well as emissions and meteorological parameters necessary for a simulation. Given that these files are available, this tool can run independently of the CMAQ whole domain simulation, and it is designed to simulate source–receptor relationships upon changes in emissions. In this tool, the original CMAQ's horizontal domain is reduced to a small sub-domain that follows a trajectory defined by the mean mixed-layer wind. It has the same vertical structure and physical and chemical interactions as CMAQ except advection calculation. The advantage of this tool compared to other Lagrangian models is its capability of utilizing realistic boundary conditions that change with space and time as well as detailed chemistry treatment. The correctness of the algorithms and the overall performance was evaluated against CMAQ simulation results. Its performance depends on the atmospheric conditions occurring during the simulation period, with the comparisons being most similar to CMAQ results under uniform wind conditions. The mean bias for surface ozone mixing ratios varies between −0.03 and −0.78 ppbV and the slope is between 0.99 and 1.01 for different analyzed cases. For complicated meteorological conditions, such as wind circulation, the simulated mixing ratios deviate from CMAQ values as a result of the Lagrangian approach of using mean wind for its movement, but are still close, with the mean bias for ozone varying between 0.07 and −4.29 ppbV and the slope varying between 0.95 and 1.06 for different analyzed cases. For historical reasons, this hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian based tool is named the Screening Trajectory Ozone Prediction System (STOPS), but its use is not limited to ozone prediction as, similarly to CMAQ, it can simulate concentrations of many species, including particulate matter and some toxic compounds, such as formaldehyde and 1,3-butadiene.

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Solar radiation variability at Koniczynka near Toruń (Central Poland) in the years 2003–2016

Bulletin of Geography Physical Geography Series ◽

10.2478/bgeo-2018-0013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 27-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marek Kejna ◽

Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

Global Solar Radiation ◽

Optical Characteristics ◽

Mean Values ◽

Air Masses ◽

Diurnal Course ◽

Solar Noon ◽

The Mean

Abstract The paper presents the variability of global solar radiation (K↓) in the agriculture area (Koniczynka near Toruń) in the years 2003–2016. The variability of K↓ has been analysed with reference to atmospheric circulation. The mean yearly sum of K↓ in the analysed period was 3,816.0 MJ·m−2. In an annual course the highest mean values of K↓ occurred in June (608.3 MJ·m−2) and the smallest in December (69.0 MJ·m−2). The diurnal course of K↓ was symmetrical with respect to the solar noon. Only 44.7% of the solar energy on the top of atmosphere reaches the ground. The highest transmittance occurred in spring and summer, and the lowest in December. The observations revealed an increase in the amount of K↓ (trend 13.6 MJ·m−2·year−1) and its considerable day-to-day and year-to-year variability. Its increase has been attributed to reduced emissions of aerosols in Poland and Europe (global brightening). The changes of K↓ depend on atmospheric circulation (cyclonic and anticyclonic situations), cloudiness and the optical characteristics of incoming air masses.

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Effect of ozone precursors on surface ozone variations in GAW Kototabang and Cibeureum

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 893 (1) ◽

pp. 012073

Author(s):

A I Utami ◽

R I Nasution ◽

M Asnia

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Ozone Concentration ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Surface Ozone ◽

Photochemical Reactions ◽

Rural And Remote ◽

Solar Radiation Intensity ◽

Rural And Remote Areas ◽

The Impact ◽

Surface Ozone Concentration

Abstract Ozone composition is widely distributed in the troposphere. Surface ozone, known as a secondary pollutant, is a by-product of burning fossil fuels. Increasing the concentration of GHG (CO2, CH4, and CO) as precursors can affect the surface ozone concentration. This study aims to determine the type of precursor that affects the concentration of surface ozone and also to determine the impact of surface ozone and its precursors in rural and remote areas. In general, surface ozone concentrations in both Kototabang and Cibereum begin to increase at 08 – 09 WIB, following the increase in solar radiation intensity, and decrease at 18 – 19 WIB. This pattern is because surface ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by photochemical reactions, in which the photochemical reactions are triggered by energy from solar radiation. The correlation of the surface ozone concentration with CO2, CH4, and CO in the Cibeureum was -0.17, 0.31, and 0.40. The correlation values of surface ozone concentration with CO2, CH4, and CO in the Cibeureum area are 0.09, 0.45, and 0.48. The highest correlation is shown by a CO correlation of 0.40. moreover the highest correlation is shown by a CO correlation of 0.48. The results in this study indicate the effect of each precursor on surface ozone concentration and the accompanying processes.

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The effect of meteorological conditions and atmospheric composition in the occurrence and development of new particle formation (NPF) events in Europe

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-21-3345-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 3345-3370

Author(s):

Dimitrios Bousiotis ◽

James Brean ◽

Francis D. Pope ◽

Manuel Dall'Osto ◽

Xavier Querol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Radiation Intensity ◽

Particle Formation ◽

Meteorological Variables ◽

Atmospheric Conditions ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

New Particle Formation ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Event Frequency ◽

Solar Radiation Intensity

Abstract. Although new particle formation (NPF) events have been studied extensively for some decades, the mechanisms that drive their occurrence and development are yet to be fully elucidated. Laboratory studies have done much to elucidate the molecular processes involved in nucleation, but this knowledge has yet to be conclusively linked to NPF events in the atmosphere. There is great difficulty in successful application of the results from laboratory studies to real atmospheric conditions due to the diversity of atmospheric conditions and observations found, as NPF events occur almost everywhere in the world without always following a clearly defined trend of frequency, seasonality, atmospheric conditions, or event development. The present study seeks common features in nucleation events by applying a binned linear regression over an extensive dataset from 16 sites of various types (combined dataset of 85 years from rural and urban backgrounds as well as roadside sites) in Europe. At most sites, a clear positive relation with the frequency of NPF events is found between the solar radiation intensity (up to R2=0.98), temperature (up to R2=0.98), and atmospheric pressure (up to R2=0.97), while relative humidity (RH) presents a negative relation (up to R2=0.95) with NPF event frequency, though exceptions were found among the sites for all the variables studied. Wind speed presents a less consistent relationship, which appears to be heavily affected by local conditions. While some meteorological variables (such as the solar radiation intensity and RH) appear to have a crucial effect on the occurrence and characteristics of NPF events, especially at rural sites, it appears that their role becomes less marked at higher average values. The analysis of chemical composition data presents interesting results. Concentrations of almost all chemical compounds studied (apart from O3) and the condensation sink (CS) have a negative relationship with NPF event frequency, though areas with higher average concentrations of SO2 had higher NPF event frequency. Particulate organic carbon (OC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate-phase sulfate consistently had a positive relation with the growth rate of the newly formed particles. As with some meteorological variables, it appears that at increased concentrations of pollutants or the CS, their influence upon NPF frequency is reduced.

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On the understanding of surface ozone variability, its precursors and their associations with atmospheric conditions over the Delhi region

Atmospheric Research ◽

10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105653 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 258 ◽

pp. 105653

Author(s):

Anshika ◽

Ravi Kumar Kunchala ◽

Raju Attada ◽

Ramesh K. Vellore ◽

Vijay K. Soni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Ozone ◽

Atmospheric Conditions

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Effect of season on thermoregulatory responses and energy expenditure of goats on semi-arid range in India

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859602002228 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 139 (1) ◽

pp. 87-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

A. K. SHINDE ◽

RAGHAVENDRA BHATTA ◽

S. K. SANKHYAN ◽

D. L. VERMA

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Face Mask ◽

Mean Value ◽

The Mean ◽

Semi Arid

A study of the physiological responses and energy expenditure of goats was carried out from June 1999 to May 2000 by conducting two experiments: one on bucks maintained on stall feeding in autumn 1999 (Expt 1) followed by year-round grazing on native ranges over three seasons: monsoon, winter and summer (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy expenditure (EE) measurements of housed and grazing goats were recorded at 06.00 h and 14.00 h for 5 consecutive days in each season. Goats were fixed with a face mask and meteorological balloon for collection of expired air and measurement of EE. Respiration rate (RR) at 06.00 h was similar in all seasons (14 respiration/min) except in the monsoon, where a significantly (P<0.05) higher value (26 respiration/min) was recorded. At 14.00 h, RR was higher in monsoon and summer (81 and 91 respiration/min) than in winter (52 respiration/min). Irrespective of the season, heart rate (HR) was higher at 14.00 h (86 beat/min) than at 06.00 h (64 beat/min). The rise of rectal temperature (RT) from morning (06.00 h) to peak daily temperature (14.00 h) was 0.9 °C in housed goats in autumn and 1.0, 2.1 and 2.0 °C in grazing goats during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. The mean value was 1.7 °C. Skin temperature (ST) was lowest in winter (30.1 °C) and highest at 14.00 h in summer (40.3 °C). Energy expenditure of goats at 06.00 h was 32.7 W in winter and significantly (P<0.05) increased to 52.0 W in summer and 107.8 W in monsoon. At 14.00 h, EE was 140.2 W in winter and increased to 389.0 W and 391.3 W respectively in monsoon and summer. It is concluded that monsoon and summer are both stressful seasons in semi-arid regions. Animals should be protected from direct solar radiation during the hottest hours of the day to ameliorate the effect of heat stress.

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