scholarly journals Poisonous Effects of Asteroid Impacts or Nuclear Explosions in the Western Regions of the Black Sea

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viorel Badescu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
Cloud Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of an asteroid or a very large nuclear explosion in the Black Sea may cause a poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas release into the atmosphere. Some effects of this phenomenon on the western Black Sea coasts are evaluated in this paper. Two simple models are proposed to describe the generation of the H2S cloud. The wind speed plays an important role in H2S cloud dynamics. The land surface area covered by the H2S cloud generated by a 1000-m-sized asteroid during the run-in ranges between about 4480 and 9600 km2. This may affect up to 230 000 people. In the case of a 70-m-sized asteroid, the cloud covers between 70 and 210 km2 of land. This may affect between about 1600 and 5100 people. The evaluations do not include the population of the towns on the seashore and may be a few times underestimated for some particular wind directions. These effects are briefly compared with more usual effects associated with asteroids impacting the sea, such as shock waves and tsunamis. Nuclear explosions of 1 and 50 Mton TNT may be assimilated to the impact by asteroids of about 33- and 120-m diameter, respectively.

ASTEROID IMPACTS OR NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF BLACK SEA AND RISKS FOR POISONING THE INLAND POPULATION

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 131-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIOREL BADESCU
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Nuclear Explosion ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Nuclear Explosions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poisonous Gas

The impact of a large asteroid or a nuclear explosion in Black Sea may cause a catastrophic poisonous gas ( H 2 S ) release in the atmosphere. Some effects of this phenomenon are evaluated. The land surface area covered by the H 2 S cloud generated by a 1,000 m size asteroid ranges between about 5,760 km2 and 9,920 km2. This may affect between 1,400,000 and 2,470,000 people. In case of a 70 m size asteroid, the cloud covers between 105 km2 and 210 km2 and 26,000 to 52,000 people may be affected. The evaluations may be a few times underestimated for some particular wind directions. Nuclear explosions of 1 Mton and 50 Mton TNT may be assimilated to the impact by asteroids of about 33 m and 120 m diameter, respectively. The social effects of these events may be diminished if some general procedures are implemented.

scholarly journals Circulation conditions of strong and elemental wind over southwestern Ukraine

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.P. Ivus ◽  
E.V. Agayar ◽  
L.M. Hurska ◽  
А.В. Semergei-Chumachenko
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North Western

Introduction. Nowadays the problem of storm winds appears to be a very relevant one in those spheres of human activities related to safety of human living, coastal infrastructure, seafaring, aviation etc. One of the conditions for successful forecasting of strong winds is familiarization with wind characteristics of the study area and with synoptic conditions causing them. The below listed results of research form continuation of previous works for search of a better synoptic classification reflecting completeness of macroscale baric processes causing formation of winds, including strong winds, over the South of Ukraine and also providing an opportunity to forecast winds in a more accurate manner. The purpose of this publication consists in analysis of interaction of large-scale atmospheric circulation with formation of unfavorable weather conditions (strong and very strong winds) on the north-west coast of the Black Sea. Methods and results. The impact of storm winds is significant for functioning of the national economic complex of the North-Western Black Sea region. In order to investigate this effect there were fifty seven cases of wind amplification up to criterion of strong ≥ 15 m·s-1 and very strong ≥ 25 m·s-1 selected within the Odessa region during the period from October to March in 2011 – 2014. Indexes of Katz circulation for isobaric surface of 500 hPa were calculated as per the data of synoptic archive for the cases with wind speed of ≥ 15 m·s-1. A more detailed study of the structure of macrocirculation processes under strong winds, except for Katz indexes, is provided by means of classification and calendar of successive change of elementary circulation mechanisms (ECM) in the Northern hemisphere according to Dzerdzeyevskyi B.L. and typification of synoptic processes developed at the Department of Theoretical Meteorology and Meteorological Forecasts of OSENU. It was determined that strong and very strong winds often occur in southern and central regions, particularly at the stations located on the shores of seas and estuaries (Bilgorod-Dnistrovskyi, Ust-Dunaysk, Pivdennyi port). Meridional type of atmospheric circulation (77.2%) creates favourable conditions for wind amplification in the North-Western part of the Black Sea up to the criterion of strong and very strong one, zonal type of circulation constitutes 22.8% from the total number of cases. Meridional type of circulation is mainly represented by mixed and western forms – (24.6%) and (22.8%) respectively. Main types of synoptic situations (5, 6) of Katz typification that used to cause strong winds were revealed. Most frequently strong wind was observed while moving of cyclonic vortexes from the South (ECM type – 12a, 13z) and in the area of cyclones and anticyclones interaction. Conclusion. It was found that wind speed amplification in the South of Ukraine up to the criteria of strong and very strong one mainly occurs due to the meridional type of atmospheric circulation which is dominated by mixed or western forms of circulation as per Katz typification, ECM type 12a and 13z according to Dzerdzeyevskyi B.L. and types 5 (subtype 5.2) and 6 (all subtypes depending on ECM) as per synoptic typification of OSENU. Directions for further research should include the following. The conclusions have preliminary character and need confirmation on the basis of bigger scope of statistical data.

scholarly journals Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Mass Tourism Management Model Related to the Impact on the Local Community in Constanta City (Romania)

Inventions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Catalin Anton ◽  
Angela-Eliza Micu ◽  
Eugen Rusu
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Management Model ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Traditionally and socially, the tourism in Constanta is considered to be important to the local economy. Sun and beach locations are both a draw for locals and tourists to the city, on the Black Sea. However, vacation-oriented activities in the city only have a seasonal cycle. In this paper, we proposed to analyze the mass tourist activity in Constanta, taking into account economic, social, and environmental conditions. Additionally, we attempted to build a model based on the data available. The model was developed using a PESTEL analysis to determine the supportability factor of the indicators identified. We also set out to create a projection of the activities proposed for analysis by 2050. To create a model for coastal areas, the data used in this research must be accurate and consistent. Furthermore, correctly identifying indicators and their relationships is a critical step in conducting a thorough study. Last but not least, finding the calculation coefficient for the activity in question is critical, as collecting data from various activities might be challenging when trying to find a feasible model.

Anthropogenic Impact on the Lithodynamics of the Coastal Zone of the Southern and Western Black Sea Coast (Review)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Efremova ◽  
Yu. N. Goryachkin ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
River Flow ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Natural Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Anthropogenic impact on lithodynamics of the coastal zone changes the natural dynamics of bottom sediments, which leads to increased abrasion and swelling of beaches, activation of landslide processes creating a threat of destruction of the coastal infrastructure. The article aims at providing an overview of the scientific literature on the anthropogenic impact on lithodynamics of the coastal zone of the southern and western coasts of the Black Sea (shores of Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey). The work shows that with all the differences in the natural conditions of the coastal zones of these countries the types of anthropogenic effects they undergo are almost the same. These include: hydrotechnical construction without regard to the impact on the neighbouring coast sections; reduction of solid river flow due to river regulation by reservoirs; construction of capital facilities directly on the beaches; illegal extraction of sand from beaches and river beds; dredging with sale of the extracted material to construction companies; covering of cliffs by various structures; destruction of coastal dunes, etc. The main negative consequences of these actions are reflected in disruption of natural dynamics and shortages of bottom sediments, changes in the coastline, reduced aesthetic attractiveness and accessibility of shores, destruction of coastal ecosystems. The article also provides information on the legislation of these countries regarding environmental management in the coastal zone

THE ECONOMIC-MILITARY IMPORTANCE OF THE BLACK SEA – NORTH SEA CORRIDOR FOR ENSURING STABILITY IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Valentin-Costinel TOTIR ◽  
Roxana ALEXANDRU
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: During history, the main channel of communication and cooperation between countries was through commerce and, consequently, through transport. Among all the transport ways, the maritime transport is the one that offers the best cost – benefits ratio. This article is addressed to all the people involved or interested in the economic and military fields and aims to highlight the importance of the Black Sea and North Sea connecting corridor in ensuring peace and stability in Europe in general and in South-Eastern Europe in special. To achieve this goal, we will review the historical conflicts among European countries for waterway control and make a descriptive analysis of the stability situation in the areas affected by them. Furthermore, using the hypothetical-deductive method, we will highlight the manner in which the connection of the Black Sea with the North Sea has influenced economic and military exchanges between riparian states and the impact on stability across European continent. At the end of the article, we will show how economic and military stability in south-eastern Europe is influenced and threatened by geopolitical changes in the wider Black Sea region and how this stability can be maintained and strengthened due to the great possibilities for economic cooperation among the countries of Western and South-Eastern Europe. The novelty of this approach is that it aims to analyze the importance of the Black Sea-North Sea channel in the context of fundamental changes in the politico-military situation in South-East Europe, generated by the expansion of the Russian Federation and the conflict between Turkey and Greece, NATO member countries.

Modern condition of biological diversity in near-shore zone of Crimea (the Black Sea sector)

2003 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Parasite Fauna ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Shore Zone ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Condition

Monograph is prepared on the basis of the materials collected in near-shore waters of Crimea in 2003, and the retrospective data. Modern condition of biological diversity in near-shore zone of Crimea is shown on the basis of analysis of qualitative and quantitative composition of micro- and zooplankton, phyto- and zoobenthos, ichthyofauna and parasite fauna; the recommendations on conservation of biological diversity are given. Responses of biota on the appearance of new species in communities and on the impact of some anthropogenic factors are analyzed. Characteristics of the Black Sea plankton bioluminescents and the bioluminescence field forming by them in neritic zone of Crimea are shown. Lists of species of main groups of flora and fauna from the different regions of near-shore waters of Crimea are made.

On the Possible Presence of Oxygen in the Upper Sediment Layer of the Hydrogen Sulfide Zone in the Black Sea

Oceanology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Stunzhas ◽  
M. B. Gulin ◽  
A. G. Zatsepin ◽  
E. A. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sediment Layer

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of basin dynamics on the regional sea level rise in the Black Sea

Ocean Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arseny A. Kubryakov ◽  
Sergey V. Stanichny ◽  
Denis L. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Satellite Altimetry ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dynamic Sea Level

Abstract. Satellite altimetry measurements show that the magnitude of the Black Sea sea level trends is spatially uneven. While the basin-mean sea level rise from 1993 to 2014 was about 3.15 mm yr−1, the local rates of sea level rise varied from 1.5–2.5 mm yr−1 in the central part to 3.5–3.8 mm yr−1 at the basin periphery and over the northwestern shelf and to 5 mm yr−1 in the southeastern part of the sea. We show that the observed spatial differences in the dynamic sea level (anomaly relative to the basin-mean) are caused by changes in the large- and mesoscale dynamics of the Black Sea. First, a long-term intensification of the cyclonic wind curl over the Black Sea, observed in 1993–2014, strengthened divergence in the center of the basin and led to the rise of the sea level in coastal and shelf areas and a lowering in the basin's interior. Second, an extension of the Batumi anticyclone to the west resulted in  ∼  1.2 mm yr−1 higher rates of sea level rise in the southeastern part of the sea. Further, we demonstrate that the large-scale dynamic sea level variability in the Black Sea can be successfully reconstructed using the wind curl obtained from an atmospheric reanalysis. This allows for the correction of historical tide gauge records for dynamic effects in order to derive more accurate estimates of the basin-mean sea level change in the past, prior to the satellite altimetry era.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document