scholarly journals Reanalysis of the 1954–63 Atlantic Hurricane Seasons

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 4177-4192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Delgado ◽  
Christopher W. Landsea ◽  
Hugh Willoughby
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Atlantic Hurricane ◽  
The North ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
National Hurricane Center

The National Hurricane Center (NHC) “best track” hurricane database (HURDAT2) is the main historical archive of all tropical storms, subtropical storms, and hurricanes from 1851 to the present in the North Atlantic basin, which includes the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. The Atlantic Hurricane Reanalysis Project is an ongoing effort to maintain HURDAT2 and to provide the most accurate database possible based upon on all available data. The work reported here covers hurricane seasons from 1954 to 1963, during the early years of aircraft reconnaissance, but before satellite imagery became available routinely. All available original observations were analyzed from aircraft reconnaissance, ships, land stations, land-based radars, and satellite images. The track and intensity of each existing tropical cyclone have been reassessed, and previously unrecognized tropical cyclones have been discovered, analyzed, and recommended to the Best Track Change Committee for inclusion into HURDAT2. Changes were recommended for every storm analyzed in this 10-yr period.

A Reanalysis of the 1944–53 Atlantic Hurricane Seasons—The First Decade of Aircraft Reconnaissance*

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 4441-4460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Hagen ◽  
Donna Strahan-Sakoskie ◽  
Christopher Luckett
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Tropical Storms ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Atlantic Hurricane ◽  
The North ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Systematic Biases

Abstract The main historical archive of all tropical storms, subtropical storms, and hurricanes in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico from 1851 to the present is known as the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), which is the fundamental database for meteorological, engineering, and financial studies of these cyclones. Previous work has demonstrated that a reanalysis of HURDAT is necessary because it contains many random errors and systematic biases. The Atlantic Hurricane Reanalysis Project is an ongoing effort to correct the errors in HURDAT and to make HURDAT as accurate a database as possible with utilization of all available data. For this study, HURDAT is reanalyzed for the period 1944–53, the first decade of the “aircraft reconnaissance era.” The track and intensity of each existing tropical cyclone in HURDAT are reassessed, and previously unrecognized tropical cyclones are discovered, analyzed, and recommended to the HURDAT Best Track Change Committee for inclusion into HURDAT (existing tropical cyclones may be removed from the database as well if analyses indicate evidence that no tropical storm existed). Changes to the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, major hurricanes, accumulated cyclone energy, and U.S. landfalling hurricanes are recommended for most years of the decade. Estimates of uncertainty in the reanalyzed database for the decade are also provided.

The Madness of these Deluded People

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-155
Author(s):  
Brad A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Political Liberty ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Continental Congress ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

This chapter evaluates how loyal Britons struggled to strip rebellious Americans of their Britishness. Their counternarrative, a British common cause, was crafted in the days after the thunderclap that the First Continental Congress sounded all across the British Empire. Popular understandings of loyalism celebrated a renewed defense of monarchy and legal government, and remained committed to basic Protestant Whig principles like free trade, political liberty, and religious freedom. But the promulgators of this cause also continued to argue that their opponents were nothing more than deceived subjects who were misled by a few self-interested colonists — mostly New Englanders — into war against their own nation. Loyal subjects thus failed to make rebellious Americans into dangerous enemies. This failure presented real problems for loyal subjects across the North Atlantic. If American Patriots were just misguided Britons, then it stood to reason that the Patriot cause presented no real threat to popular understandings of Britishness. In part, this explains why so many loyal subjects were reluctant to support the war in the early years.

scholarly journals Checklist of the salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea) from the Western Caribbean Sea with a key for their identification and comments on other North Atlantic salps

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3210 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLARA MARÍA HEREU ◽  
EDUARDO SUÁREZ-MORALES
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
The North ◽  
New Information ◽  
Plankton Biomass ◽  
Western Caribbean ◽  
The Caribbean

In waters of the Northwestern Atlantic pelagic tunicates may contribute significantly to the plankton biomass; however, theregional information on the salp fauna is scarce and limited to restricted sectors. In the Caribbean Sea (CS) and the Gulf ofMexico (GOM) the composition of the salpid fauna is still poorly known and this group remains among the less studiedzooplankton taxa in the Northwestern Tropical Atlantic. A revised checklist of the salp species recorded in the North At-lantic (NA, 0–40° N) is provided herein, including new information from the Western Caribbean. Zooplankton sampleswere collected during two cruises (March 2006, January 2007) within a depth range of 0–941 m. A total of 14 species wererecorded in our samples, including new records for the CS and GOM area (Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter 1905), for the CS (Cy-closalpa affinis (Chamisso, 1819)), and for the Western Caribbean (Salpa maxima Forskål, 1774). The number of speciesof salps known from the CS and GOM rose to 18. A key for the identification of the species recorded in the region is provided. Studies on the ecological role of salps in several sectors of the NA are scarce and deserve further attention.

scholarly journals Climatology and Interannual Variability of North Atlantic Hurricane Tracks

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 5370-5381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Xie ◽  
Tingzhuang Yan ◽  
Leonard J. Pietrafesa ◽  
John M. Morrison ◽  
Thomas Karl
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Track Density ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Atlantic Hurricane ◽  
The North ◽  
Hurricane Track ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Hurricane Tracks

Abstract The spatial and temporal variability of North Atlantic hurricane tracks and its possible association with the annual hurricane landfall frequency along the U.S. East Coast are studied using principal component analysis (PCA) of hurricane track density function (HTDF). The results show that, in addition to the well-documented effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and vertical wind shear (VWS), North Atlantic HTDF is strongly modulated by the dipole mode (DM) of Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) as well as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Arctic Oscillation (AO). Specifically, it was found that Atlantic SST DM is the only index that is associated with all top three empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the Atlantic HTDF. ENSO and tropical Atlantic VWS are significantly correlated with the first and the third EOF of the HTDF over the North Atlantic Ocean. The second EOF of North Atlantic HTDF, which represents the “zonal gradient” of North Atlantic hurricane track density, showed no significant correlation with ENSO or with tropical Atlantic VWS. Instead, it is associated with the Atlantic SST DM, and extratropical processes including NAO and AO. Since for a given hurricane season, the preferred hurricane track pattern, together with the overall basinwide hurricane activity, collectively determines the hurricane landfall frequency, the results provide a foundation for the construction of a statistical model that projects the annual number of hurricanes striking the eastern seaboard of the United States.

Changes across 66°W, the Caribbean Sea and the Western boundaries of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

2018 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 296-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Casanova-Masjoan ◽  
T.M. Joyce ◽  
M.D. Pérez-Hernández ◽  
P. Vélez-Belchí ◽  
A. Hernández-Guerra
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Subtropical Gyre ◽  
The North ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The North Atlantic

scholarly journals A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98*

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (23) ◽  
pp. 8674-8685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chenoweth
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
News Reports ◽  
The North ◽  
Hurricane Wind ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
First Time

Abstract A comprehensive new compilation of North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity for the years 1851–98 is presented and compared with the second-generation North Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) for the same years. This new analysis is based on the retrieval of 9072 newspaper marine shipping news reports, 1260 original logbook records, 271 Maury abstract logs, 147 U.S. marine meteorological journals, and 34 Met Office (UKMO) logbooks. Records from throughout North America and the Caribbean region were used along with other primary and secondary references holding unique land and marine data. For the first time, North Atlantic daily weather maps for 1864/65, 1873, and 1881–98 were used in historical tropical cyclone research. Results for the years 1851–98 include the omission of 62 of the 361 HURDAT2 storms, and the further reduction resulting from the merging of storms to a total of 288 unique HURDAT2 tropical cyclones. The new compilation gave a total of 497 tropical cyclones in the 48-yr record, or an average of 10.4 storms per year compared to 6.0 per year in HURDAT2 less the author’s omissions. Of this total, 209 storms are completely new. A total of 90 hurricanes made landfall in the United States during this time. Seven new U.S. landfalling hurricanes are present in the new dataset but not in HURDAT2. Eight U.S. landfalling hurricanes in HURDAT2 are now considered to have only tropical storm impact or were actually extratropical at landfall. Across the North Atlantic, the number of category-4 hurricanes based on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, compared with HURDAT2, increased from 11 to 25, 6 of which made U.S. landfall at category-4 level.

The Intra-Americas Springtime Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly Dipole as Fingerprint of Remote Influences

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto Muñoz ◽  
Chunzai Wang ◽  
David Enfield
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Enso Event ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Teleconnection Patterns ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sst Anomaly ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract The influence of teleconnections on the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS; Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) has been mostly analyzed from the perspective of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Caribbean Sea (the latter being an extension of the tropical North Atlantic). This emphasis has overlooked both 1) the influence of other teleconnections on the IAS and 2) which teleconnections affect the Gulf of Mexico climate variability. In this study the different fingerprints that major teleconnection patterns have on the IAS during boreal spring are analyzed. Indices of teleconnection patterns are regressed and correlated to observations of oceanic temperature and atmospheric data from reanalyses and observational datasets. It is found that the Pacific teleconnection patterns that influence the IAS SSTs do so by affecting the Gulf of Mexico in an opposite manner to the Caribbean Sea. These analyzed Pacific climate patterns are the Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and ENSO. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is related to a lesser degree with the north–south SST anomaly dipole than are Pacific teleconnection patterns. It is also found that the IAS influence from the midlatitude Pacific mostly affects the Gulf of Mexico, whereas the influence from the tropical Pacific mostly affects the Caribbean Sea. Therefore, the combination of a warm ENSO event and a positive PNA event induces a strong IAS SST anomaly dipole between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea during spring. By calculating an index that represents the IAS SST anomaly dipole, it is found that the dipole forms mostly in response to changes in the air–sea heat fluxes. In the Gulf of Mexico the dominant mechanisms are the air–sea differences in humidity and temperature. The changes in shortwave radiation also contribute to the dipole of net air–sea heat flux. The changes in shortwave radiation arise, in part, by the cloudiness triggered by the air–sea differences in humidity, and also by the changes in the convection cell that connects the Amazon basin to the IAS. Weaker Amazon convection (e.g., in the event of a warm ENSO event) reduces the subsidence over the IAS, and henceforth the IAS cloudiness increases (and the shortwave radiation decreases). This study contributes to a greater understanding of how the IAS is influenced by different Pacific and Atlantic teleconnections.

scholarly journals Impact of the Atlantic Warm Pool on the Summer Climate of the Western Hemisphere

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5021-5040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunzai Wang ◽  
Sang-ki Lee ◽  
David B. Enfield
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
The North ◽  
Atlantic Warm Pool ◽  
Tropical North Atlantic ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract The Atlantic warm pool (AWP) is a large body of warm water that comprises the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the western tropical North Atlantic. Located to its northeastern side is the North Atlantic subtropical high (NASH), which produces the tropical easterly trade winds. The easterly trade winds carry moisture from the tropical North Atlantic into the Caribbean Sea, where the flow intensifies, forming the Caribbean low-level jet (CLLJ). The CLLJ then splits into two branches: one turning northward and connecting with the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ), and the other continuing westward across Central America into the eastern North Pacific. The easterly CLLJ and its westward moisture transport are maximized in the summer and winter, whereas they are minimized in the fall and spring. This semiannual feature results from the semiannual variation of sea level pressure in the Caribbean region owing to the westward extension and eastward retreat of the NASH. The NCAR Community Atmospheric Model and observational data are used to investigate the impact of the climatological annual mean AWP on the summer climate of the Western Hemisphere. Two groups of the model ensemble runs with and without the AWP are performed and compared. The model results show that the effect of the AWP is to weaken the summertime NASH, especially at its southwestern edge. The AWP also strengthens the summertime continental low over the North American monsoon region. In response to these pressure changes, the CLLJ and its moisture transport are weakened, but its semiannual feature does not disappear. The weakening of the easterly CLLJ increases (decreases) moisture convergence to its upstream (downstream) and thus enhances (suppresses) rainfall in the Caribbean Sea (in the far eastern Pacific west of Central America). Model runs show that the AWP’s effect is to always weaken the southerly GPLLJ. However, the AWP strengthens the GPLLJ’s northward moisture transport in the summer because the AWP-induced increase of specific humidity overcomes the weakening of southerly wind, and vice versa in the fall. Finally, the AWP reduces the tropospheric vertical wind shear in the main development region that favors hurricane formation and development during August–October.

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