Atmospheric Rivers: An overlooked threat to the marginal snowpack of the Australian Alps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish McGowan ◽  
Kara Borthwick ◽  
Andrew Schwartz ◽  
John (Nik) Callow ◽  
Shane Bilish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Energy ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Water Vapour Transport ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Australian Alps ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractAtmospheric Rivers (ARs) are tropospheric corridors that provide ~90% of poleward water vapour transport. They are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity if global warming continues unabated. Here we present a case study of the first direct observations of the impact of AR rain-on-snow (RoS) events on the marginal snowpack of the Australian Alps. Reanalysis data show ARs embedded within strong northwesterly airflow extended over 4000 km from the eastern Indian Ocean to southeast Australia, where orographic processes enhanced RoS. We quantify for the first-time radiation and turbulent energy flux exchanges using eddy covariance and, the contribution of rain heat flux to the snowpack during the AR RoS events. The hydrological response of an above snowline catchment that includes Australia’s highest peak during the events was rapid, with discharge increasing by nearly two orders of magnitude above historical mean winter discharge. This reflects the isothermal properties of the marginal Australian snowpack, where small increases in energy from RoS can trigger rapid snowmelt leading to flash flooding. Discharge decreased quickly following the passage of the ARs and onset of cold air advection. Based on climate projections of ≈ +2.5 °C warming in the Australian Alps by mid-century combined with an already historically, close-to-ripe snowpack, we postulate that AR induced RoS events will accelerate the loss of snow cover.

scholarly journals Storyways: Visualising Saintly Impact in a North Atlantic Maritime Landscape

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Jane Gibbon ◽  
James Moore
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
Source Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractThis paper presents a new methodological approach and theorising framework which visualises intangible landscapes. The Cult of Saint Magnus of Orkney (martyred c.AD1117 and canonised c.1135) is presented as a case study to demonstrate how spatial and temporal veneration can be explored in the landscape. The transferability of this methodology extends to any multi-source study where memories link to landscape features (past or present). St Magnus dedications, altars and church furnishings in Scandinavia and Britain demonstrate his international recognition, but aside from three Magnus dedicated churches, little is known of his veneration within Orkney. By using GIS to map archaeological, onomastic, folkloric, historic and hagiographic evidence of veneration we have visualised the impact of the Cult of Magnus since martyrdom to recent times for the first time. Furthermore, by visually differentiating between sources, we’ve distinguished the variability and variety of evidence, thus identifying concentrated pockets of veneration through time. Additionally, by linking evidence locations, we have identified ‘remembered’ routeways – storyways. In doing so, we have mapped the impact of Magnus as a saint, his value to particular communities and his continuing influence.

Summertime dust storms over the Arabian Peninsula and impacts on radiation and atmospheric circulation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Francis ◽  
Jean-Pierre Chaboureau ◽  
Narendra Nelli ◽  
Juan Cuesta ◽  
Noor Alshamsi
Keyword(s):  
Dust Storm ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Source Region ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Air Quality Forecast ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

<p>This study investigates the underlying atmospheric dynamics associated with intense dust storms in summer 2018 over the Arabian Peninsula (AP); a major dust source at global scale. It reports, for the first time, on the formation of cyclone over the Empty Quarter Desert as important mechanism for intense dust storms over this source region. The dust direct and semi-direct radiative forcings are observed, for the first time over this source region, using high-resolution in-situ and CERES-SYN satellite observational data. The three-dimensional structure and evolution of the dust storms are inferred from state-of-the-art satellite products such as SEVIRI, AEROIASI and CALIPSO. The dynamics and thermodynamics of the boundary layer during this event are thoroughly analyzed using ERA5 reanalysis and ground based observations.</p><p>We found that a large dust storm by Shamal winds led up, through radiative forcing, to cyclone development over the Empty Quarter Desert, subsequent dust emissions, development of convective clouds and rain. The cyclogenesis over this region initiated a second intense dust storm which developed and impacted the AP for 3 consecutive days. The uplifted dust by the cyclone reached 5 km in altitude and altered the radiative budget at the surface, inducing both significant warming during night and cooling during day. The dust load uplifted by the cyclone was estimated by the mesoscale model Meso-NH to be in the order of 20 Tg, and the associated aerosol optical depth was higher than 3. The model simulates reasonably the radiative impact of the dust in the shortwave but highly underestimated its impact in the LW.</p><p>Our study stresses the importance of the dust radiative forcing in the longwave and that it should be accurately accounted for in models to properly represent the impact of dust on the Earth system especially near source areas. Missing the warming effect of dust aerosols would impact both the weather and air quality forecast, and the regional climate projections.</p><p>These results were published in November 2020 in the journal Atmospheric Research doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105364.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League on Financial Sustainability—Case Study of Two Small Football Portuguese Teams

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9213
Author(s):  
Florbela Dantas ◽  
Ana Borges ◽  
Rui Silva
Keyword(s):  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
European Football ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Qualifying for European competitions allows football clubs to have access to the two most important football competitions played in Europe, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. Thereby, participation in these important competitions has both direct (participation prizes) and indirect (player transactions, television rights, box office, advertising, sponsorship) impacts on the sustainability of European football clubs’ accounts. The current competition model, which now includes more football teams, has become more attractive for small clubs. In this context, this research aims to analyze the impact of qualification for European competitions on the sustainability of a strong economic and financial structure of small clubs through a case study analysis of two small Portuguese clubs. The quantitative analysis is also supported by a comparative analysis, which was reinforced with nonparametric statistical analysis. The results show that the economic and financial impact on small clubs was not immediate, but was beneficial if it was managed efficiently. This research contributes to increasing knowledge of the decision-making agents of clubs that are participating for the first time in European competitions, or, if recurrent, are seeking answers and guidelines for the effective management of football teams.

scholarly journals Cat Gets Its Tern: A Case Study of Predation on a Threatened Coastal Seabird

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire N. Greenwell ◽  
Michael C. Calver ◽  
Neil R. Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Prey Behavior ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wildlife Cameras ◽  
Considerable Loss

Domestic cats have a cosmopolitan distribution, commonly residing in urban, suburban and peri-urban environments that are also critical for biodiversity conservation. This study describes the impact of a desexed, free-roaming cat on the behavior of a threatened coastal seabird, the Australian Fairy Tern, Sternula nereis nereis, in Mandurah, south-western Australia. Wildlife cameras and direct observations of cat incursions into the tern colony at night, decapitated carcasses of adult terns, dead, injured or missing tern chicks, and cat tracks and scats around the colony provided strong evidence of cat predation, which led to an initial change in nesting behavior and, ultimately, colony abandonment and the reproductive failure of 111 nests. The death of six breeding terns from the population was a considerable loss for this threatened species and had the potential to limit population growth. This study highlights the significant negative impacts of free-roaming cats on wildlife and the need for monitoring and controlling cats at sites managed for species conservation. It also provides strong evidence against the practice of trap-neuter-release programs and demonstrates that desexed cats can continue to negatively impact wildlife post-release directly through predation, but also indirectly through fundamental changes in prey behavior and a reduction in parental care.

scholarly journals The Impact of Destination Image on Tourist Behavior: Karbala as a Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1287-1298
Author(s):  
Zuhier Abbas Azeez
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Tourist Behavior ◽  
Visitor Satisfaction ◽  
Administrative Personnel ◽  
Travel Experience ◽  
Travel Decision ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

The destination image is regarded as one of the elements affecting visitors' choices in selecting tourist locations that satisfy their wants and aspirations in a way that corresponds to their expectations of such places. The destination image influences tourist behavior by stimulating tourist desires to travel and engage in tourist activities, as well as influencing that behavior in the travel decision-making process during the pre-trip, trip, and post-trip phases. The destination image is also linked to visitor satisfaction with regard to their appraisal of their travel experience and the extent to which that experience meets or comes near to their earlier expectations. Therefore, the current study looks at the image and personality of religious, tourist, and commercial brands, as well as how they connect to future tourist behavior. The study considered Karbala city, Iraq, as a case study. The study was based on the in-filed study technique, which was represented by a questionnaire that was delivered to the study sample, which consisted of seven first-class hotels in Karbala city, with 40 copies of the questionnaire handed over to the administrative personnel at these hotels. The study discovered that the cognitive image, emotional image, and destination personality all had different effects on global image and behavioral intentions for first-time and recurrent visitors. Additionally, the findings show that the qualitative remarks focused heavily on attractions, culture, and the environment. The practical consequences are explored, and destination personality and behavioral outcomes for first-time and recurrent visitors were designed and evaluated independently.

SPECIFIC TOURIST AND RECREATION OFFERS OF AN AMERICAN COASTAL CITY – ON THE EXAMPLE OF HUNTINGTON BEACH (USA, SOUTH CALIFORNIA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Janusz Olearnik
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Seaside Resort ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Active Leisure ◽  
The City

Purpose. Recognition of specifics regarding the tourist offer at a renowned seaside resort in Southern California and indication as to which of these specific features of the offer could be used in developing tourist offers in Poland. Method. The basic method used is case study, that is the tourist aspect of the city of Huntington Beach. The research material for the creation of this study was mainly collected using the method of direct observation, including participation during an internship in 2018 and annual visits from 2011 to 2016, as well as the study of printed and Internet materials. Findings. The main identified characteristics of the analysed offer are: sustainable use of natural and infrastructural conditions for tourism, suitably varied level of conditions for stay - adaptation to tourist segments, active leisure opportunities based on perfect use of local conditions, care for a clear tourist image of the city and specific local colour, mega-events, the impact of numerous tourist attractions in nearby towns. Research and conclusions limitations. Research was based on direct observations covering a specific case of one city. It is used to look for patterns for other tourist centres. Practical implications. It was indicated how the specific properties of the Huntington Beach tourist offer could be used to improve tourist offers in Polish coastal cities. Originality. The originality of the article consists in presenting and evaluating the tourist offer of Huntington Beach, a popular and renowned recreation centre in California. The source of originality concerns expert observations collected and systematised as a result of repeated stays in this city. Type of paper. The article can be considered as a case study.

scholarly journals Managing uncertainty in flood protection planning with climate projections

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2511-2526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Dittes ◽  
Olga Špačková ◽  
Lukas Schoppa ◽  
Daniel Straub
Keyword(s):  
Joint Probability ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Joint Probability Distribution ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Technical flood protection is a necessary part of integrated strategies to protect riverine settlements from extreme floods. Many technical flood protection measures, such as dikes and protection walls, are costly to adapt after their initial construction. This poses a challenge to decision makers as there is large uncertainty in how the required protection level will change during the measure lifetime, which is typically many decades long. Flood protection requirements should account for multiple future uncertain factors: socioeconomic, e.g., whether the population and with it the damage potential grows or falls; technological, e.g., possible advancements in flood protection; and climatic, e.g., whether extreme discharge will become more frequent or not. This paper focuses on climatic uncertainty. Specifically, we devise methodology to account for uncertainty associated with the use of discharge projections, ultimately leading to planning implications. For planning purposes, we categorize uncertainties as either “visible”, if they can be quantified from available catchment data, or “hidden”, if they cannot be quantified from catchment data and must be estimated, e.g., from the literature. It is vital to consider the “hidden uncertainty”, since in practical applications only a limited amount of information (e.g., a finite projection ensemble) is available. We use a Bayesian approach to quantify the “visible uncertainties” and combine them with an estimate of the hidden uncertainties to learn a joint probability distribution of the parameters of extreme discharge. The methodology is integrated into an optimization framework and applied to a pre-alpine case study to give a quantitative, cost-optimal recommendation on the required amount of flood protection. The results show that hidden uncertainty ought to be considered in planning, but the larger the uncertainty already present, the smaller the impact of adding more. The recommended planning is robust to moderate changes in uncertainty as well as in trend. In contrast, planning without consideration of bias and dependencies in and between uncertainty components leads to strongly suboptimal planning recommendations.

scholarly journals Ostracods as freshwater pollution indicators: a case study from the Ouseburn, a polluted urban catchment (Tyneside, NE England)

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Boomer ◽  
Frances Attwood
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pollution Events

Abstract. The relationship between ostracod occurrence and water quality is investigated in the Ouseburn (Newcastle upon Tyne, NE England) in both a spatial and temporal context. For the first time, ostracod assemblages are used alongside traditional biological water quality indices. Physico-chemical parameters of the water are used in conjunction with standard macro-invertebrate-based biological indices (BMWP, ASPT) to assess general water quality. This is also the first detailed study of ostracod occurrence within a small urban catchment. Ostracod, macro-invertebrate and environmental samples were taken during the summer of 2001, with a small number of late autumn replicates taken to characterize the impact of known pollution events. The pollutants encountered in this study are primarily organic in nature and include sewage, agricultural sources (such as slurry) and de-icer runoff from the local airport. The head-water and tributaries are generally characterized by good water quality despite a number of pollution events recorded during the study. Ostracod diversity and abundance, although often low, support the evidence from the traditional methods of water quality assessment, both of which decrease downstream. An inverse relationship observed between ostracod abundance and macro-invertebrate indices suggests that relatively clean-water macro-invertebrate assemblages out-compete the ostracods or may be preying upon them.

scholarly journals The Use of Motivational Interviewing (Mi) in Preventing Relapse on Methamphetamine Drug User

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Nazlan Ibrahim ◽  
Mohamad Isa Amat ◽  
Abdul Rashid Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Addiction Therapy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Examination

Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent stimulant with a high potential for abuse that can be smoked, inhaled, injected or taken orally. It is easily being relapse among drug abuse. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of drug addiction therapy utilizing the Motivational Interviewing (MI) approach. This is a qualitative study using interview sessions as a study design. The subject is a drug misuse client undergoing imprisonment in Kajang Prison, Selangor. Client’s progression was assessed through direct observations using the Mental State Examination (MSE), client records, and client speech changes. The study revealed that client has gained mental literacy and the client needs to change his behaviors so that the misery does not recur. The use of MI strategies in treatment sessions has been able to help clients eliminate ambiguities related to addictive behaviors, clients are confident to stay recovering and now have concrete plans to not re -addict in the future. The implications of the findings of this case study suggest the MI strategy is a treatment option that counselors can use in assisting drug abuse clients.

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