scholarly journals An Evaluation of HIRS Near-Surface Air Temperature Product in the Arctic with SHEBA Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ge Peng ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Steve T. Stegall ◽  
Jessica L. Matthews ◽  
Christopher W. Fairall
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Air Temperatures

AbstractThe accuracy of cloud-screened 2-m air temperatures derived from the intersatellite-calibrated brightness temperatures based on the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) measurements on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) series is evaluated by comparing HIRS air temperatures to 1-yr quality-controlled measurements collected during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project (October 1997–September 1998). The mean error between collocated HIRS and SHEBA 2-m air temperature is found to be on the order of 1°C, with a slight sensitivity to spatial and temporal radii for collocation. The HIRS temperatures capture well the temporal variability of SHEBA temperatures, with cross-correlation coefficients higher than 0.93, all significant at the 99.9% confidence level. More than 87% of SHEBA temperature variance can be explained by linear regression of collocated HIRS temperatures. The analysis found a strong dependency of mean temperature errors on cloud conditions observed during SHEBA, indicating that availability of an accurate cloud mask in the region is essential to further improve the quality of HIRS near-surface air temperature products. This evaluation establishes a baseline of accuracy of HIRS temperature retrievals, providing users with information on uncertainty sources and estimates. It is a first step toward development of a new long-term 2-m air temperature product in the Arctic that utilizes intersatellite-calibrated remote sensing data from the HIRS instrument.

scholarly journals Infrared Interferometric Measurements of the Near-Surface Air Temperature over the Oceans

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1019-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Minnett ◽  
K. A. Maillet ◽  
J. A. Hanafin ◽  
B. J. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Radiometric Measurement ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Marine Air ◽  
The Tropical Pacific

Abstract The radiometric measurement of the marine air temperature using a Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer is described. The measurements are taken by the Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI) that has been deployed on many research ships in a wide range of conditions. This approach is inherently more accurate than conventional techniques and can be used to determine some of the error characteristics of the standard measurements. Examples are given from several cruises ranging from the Arctic to the equatorial Pacific Oceans. It is shown that the diurnal heating signal in radiometric air temperatures in the tropical Pacific can typically reach an amplitude of ∼15% of that measured by conventional sensors. Conventional data have long been recognized as being contaminated by direct solar heating and heat island effects of the ships or buoys on which they are mounted, but here this effect is quantified by comparisons with radiometric measurements.

scholarly journals Polar Amplification and Ice Free Conditions under 1.5, 2 and 3 °C of Global Warming as Simulated by CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Fernanda Casagrande ◽  
Francisco A. B. Neto ◽  
Ronald B. de Souza ◽  
Paulo Nobre
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Polar Amplification ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Average Rise

One of the most visible signs of global warming is the fast change in the polar regions. The increase in Arctic temperatures, for instance, is almost twice as large as the global average in recent decades. This phenomenon is known as the Arctic Amplification and reflects several mutually supporting processes. An equivalent albeit less studied phenomenon occurs in Antarctica. Here, we used numerical climate simulations obtained from CMIP5 and CMIP6 to investigate the effects of +1.5, 2 and 3 °C warming thresholds for sea ice changes and polar amplification. Our results show robust patterns of near-surface air-temperature response to global warming at high latitudes. The year in which the average air temperatures brought from CMIP5 and CMIP6 models rises by 1.5 °C is 2024. An average rise of 2 °C (3 °C) global warming occurs in 2042 (2063). The equivalent warming at northern (southern) high latitudes under scenarios of 1.5 °C global warming is about 3 °C (1.8 °C). In scenarios of 3 °C global warming, the equivalent warming in the Arctic (Antarctica) is close to 7 °C (3.5 °C). Ice-free conditions are found in all warming thresholds for both the Arctic and Antarctica, especially from the year 2030 onwards.

Retrieval of Hourly Records of Surface Hydrometeorological Variables Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaz Moghim ◽  
Andrew Jay Bowen ◽  
Sepideh Sarachi ◽  
Jingfeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Heat Fluxes

Abstract A new algorithm is formulated for retrieving hourly time series of surface hydrometeorological variables including net radiation, sensible heat flux, and near-surface air temperature aided by hourly visible images from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and in situ observations of mean daily air temperature. The algorithm is based on two unconventional, recently developed methods: the maximum entropy production model of surface heat fluxes and the half-order derivative–integral model that has been tested previously. The close agreement between the retrieved hourly variables using remotely sensed input and the corresponding field observations indicates that this algorithm is an effective tool in remote sensing of the earth system.

scholarly journals An evaluation of the impact of aerosol particles on weather forecasts from a biomass burning aerosol event over the Midwestern United States: observational-based analysis of surface temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 6475-6494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianglong Zhang ◽  
Jeffrey S. Reid ◽  
Matthew Christensen ◽  
Angela Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Smoke Aerosol ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Daily Changes

Abstract. A major continental-scale biomass burning smoke event from 28–30 June 2015, spanning central Canada through the eastern seaboard of the United States, resulted in unforecasted drops in daytime high surface temperatures on the order of 2–5  °C in the upper Midwest. This event, with strong smoke gradients and largely cloud-free conditions, provides a natural laboratory to study how aerosol radiative effects may influence numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast outcomes. Here, we describe the nature of this smoke event and evaluate the differences in observed near-surface air temperatures between Bismarck (clear) and Grand Forks (overcast smoke), to evaluate to what degree solar radiation forcing from a smoke plume introduces daytime surface cooling, and how this affects model bias in forecasts and analyses. For this event, mid-visible (550 nm) smoke aerosol optical thickness (AOT, τ) reached values above 5. A direct surface cooling efficiency of −1.5 °C per unit AOT (at 550 nm, τ550) was found. A further analysis of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) near-surface air temperature forecasts for up to 54 h as a function of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dark Target AOT data across more than 400 surface stations, also indicated the presence of the daytime aerosol direct cooling effect, but suggested a smaller aerosol direct surface cooling efficiency with magnitude on the order of −0.25 to −1.0 °C per unit τ550. In addition, using observations from the surface stations, uncertainties in near-surface air temperatures from ECMWF, NCEP, and UKMO model runs are estimated. This study further suggests that significant daily changes in τ550 above 1, at which the smoke-aerosol-induced direct surface cooling effect could be comparable in magnitude with model uncertainties, are rare events on a global scale. Thus, incorporating a more realistic smoke aerosol field into numerical models is currently less likely to significantly improve the accuracy of near-surface air temperature forecasts. However, regions such as eastern China, eastern Russia, India, and portions of the Saharan and Taklamakan deserts, where significant daily changes in AOTs are more frequent, are likely to benefit from including an accurate aerosol analysis into numerical weather forecasts.

scholarly journals Suitability of a constant air temperature lapse rate over an Alpine glacier: testing the Greuell and Böhm model as an alternative

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (63) ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lene Petersen ◽  
Francesca Pellicciotti ◽  
Inge Juszak ◽  
Marco Carenzo ◽  
Ben Brock
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Alpine Glacier ◽  
Temperature Lapse Rate ◽  
Boundary Layer Height ◽  
Air Temperatures

AbstractNear-surface air temperature, typically measured at a height of 2 m, is the most important control on the energy exchange and the melt rate at a snow or ice surface. It is distributed in a simplistic manner in most glacier melt models by using constant linear lapse rates, which poorly represent the actual spatial and temporal variability of air temperature. In this paper, we test a simple thermodynamic model proposed by Greuell and Böhm in 1998 as an alternative, using a new dataset of air temperature measurements from along the flowline of Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland. The unmodified model performs little better than assuming a constant linear lapse rate. When modified to allow the ratio of the boundary layer height to the bulk heat transfer coefficient to vary along the flowline, the model matches measured air temperatures better, and a further reduction of the root-mean-square error is obtained, although there is still considerable scope for improvement. The modified model is shown to perform best under conditions favourable to the development of katabatic winds – few clouds, positive ambient air temperature, limited influence of synoptic or valley winds and a long fetch – but its performance is poor under cloudy conditions.

scholarly journals An energy budget approach to understand the Arctic warming during the Last Interglacial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Sicard ◽  
Masa Kageyama ◽  
Sylvie Charbit ◽  
Pascale Braconnot ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Madeleine
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Abstract. The Last Interglacial period (129–116 ka BP) is characterized by a strong orbital forcing which leads to a different seasonal and latitudinal distribution of insolation compared to the pre-industrial period. In particular, these changes amplify the seasonality of the insolation in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Here, we investigate the Arctic climate response to this forcing by comparing the CMIP6 lig127k and pi-Control simulations performed with the IPSL-CM6A-LR model. Using an energy budget framework, we analyse the interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and continents. In summer, the insolation anomaly reaches its maximum and causes a near-surface air temperature rise of 3.2 °C over the Arctic region. This warming is primarily due to a strong positive surface downwelling shortwave radiation anomaly over continental surfaces, followed by large heat transfers from the continents back to the atmosphere. The surface layers of the Arctic Ocean also receives more energy, but in smaller quantity than the continents due to a cloud negative feedback. Furthermore, while heat exchanges from the continental surfaces towards the atmosphere are strengthened, the ocean absorbs and stores the heat excess due to a decline in sea ice cover. However, the maximum near-surface air temperature anomaly does not peak in summer like insolation, but occurs in autumn with a temperature increase of 4.0 °C relative to the pre-industrial period. This strong warming is driven by a positive anomaly of longwave radiations over the Arctic ocean enhanced by a positive cloud feedback. It is also favoured by the summer and autumn Arctic sea ice retreat (−1.9 × 106 and −3.4 × 106 km2 respectively), which exposes the warm oceanic surface and allows heat stored by the ocean in summer and water vapour to be released. This study highlights the crucial role of the sea ice cover variations, the Arctic ocean, as well as changes in polar clouds optical properties on the Last Interglacial Arctic warming.

scholarly journals A New Model to Downscale Urban and Rural Surface and Air Temperatures Evaluated in Shanghai, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 2267-2283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwei Liu ◽  
C. S. B. Grimmond ◽  
Jianguo Tan ◽  
Xiangyu Ao ◽  
Jie Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Air Temperatures

AbstractA simple model, the Surface Temperature and Near-Surface Air Temperature (at 2 m) Model (TsT2m), is developed to downscale numerical model output (such as from ECMWF) to obtain higher-temporal- and higher-spatial-resolution surface and near-surface air temperature. It is evaluated in Shanghai, China. Surface temperature (Ts) and near-surface air temperature (Ta) submodels account for variations in land cover and their different thermal properties, resulting in spatial variations of surface and air temperature. The net all-wave radiation parameterization (NARP) scheme is used to compute net wave radiation for the surface temperature submodel, the objective hysteresis model (OHM) is used to calculate the net storage heat fluxes, and the surface temperature is obtained by the force-restore method. The near-surface air temperature submodel considers the horizontal and vertical energy changes for a column of well-mixed air above the surface. Modeled surface temperatures reproduce the general pattern of MODIS images well, while providing more detailed patterns of the surface urban heat island. However, the simulated surface temperatures capture the warmer urban land cover and are 10.3°C warmer on average than those derived from the coarser MODIS data. For other land-cover types, values are more similar. Downscaled, higher-temporal- and higher-spatial-resolution air temperatures are compared to observations at 110 automatic weather stations across Shanghai. After downscaling with TsT2m, the average forecast accuracy of near-surface air temperature is improved by about 20%. The scheme developed has considerable potential for prediction and mitigation of urban climate conditions, particularly for weather and climate services related to heat stress.

scholarly journals An evaluation of the impact of aerosol particles on weather forecasts from a biomass burning aerosol event over the Midwestern US: Observational-based analysis of surface temperature

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianglong Zhang ◽  
Jeffrey S. Reid ◽  
Matthew Christensen ◽  
Angela Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Cooling Efficiency ◽  
Surface Cooling ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Smoke Aerosol ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Daily Changes

Abstract. A major continental scale biomass burning smoke event from June 28–30, 2015, spanning central Canada through the eastern seaboard of the United States, resulted in un-forecasted drops in daytime high surface temperatures on the order of 2–5 °C in the Upper Mid-West. This event, with strong smoke gradients and largely cloud free conditions, provides a natural laboratory to study how aerosol radiative effects may influence numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast outcomes. Here, we describe the nature of this smoke event and evaluate the differences in observed near surface air temperatures between Bismarck (clear) and Grand Forks (overcast smoke), to evaluate to what degree solar radiation forcing from a smoke plume introduces daytime surface cooling, and how this affects model bias in forecasts and analyses. For this event, mid-visible (550 nm) smoke aerosol optical thickness (AOT, τ) reached values above five. A direct surface cooling efficiency of −1.5 °C per unit AOT (at 550 nm, τ550) was found. A further analysis of European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) near surface air temperature forecasts for up to 52 hours as a function of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dark Target AOT data across more than 400 surface stations, also indicated the presence of the daytime aerosol direct cooling effect, but suggested a smaller aerosol direct surface cooling efficiency with magnitude on the order of −0.25 °C to −1.0 °C per unit τ550. In addition, using observations from the surface stations, uncertainties in near surface air temperatures from ECMWF, NCEP and UKMO model runs are estimated. This study further suggests that significant daily changes in τ550 above 1, at which the smoke aerosol induced direct surface cooling effect could be comparable in magnitude with model uncertainties, are rare events on a global scale. Thus, incorporating a more realistic smoke aerosol field into numerical models is currently less likely to significantly improve the accuracy of near surface air temperature forecasts. However, regions such as East China, East Russian, India and portions of the Saharan and Taklamakan deserts, where significant daily changes in AOTs are more frequent, are likely to benefit from including an accurate aerosol analysis into numerical weather forecasts.

Near-Surface Air Temperature Retrieval Derived from AMSU-A and Sea Surface Temperature Observations

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1769-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren L. Jackson ◽  
Gary A. Wick
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Regression Error ◽  
Microwave Sounding ◽  
Temperature Retrieval

Abstract A 10-m air temperature (Ta) retrieval using Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A) and satellite-derived sea surface temperature (Ts) observations is presented. The multivariable linear regression retrieval uses AMSU-A brightness temperatures from the 52.8- and 53.6-GHz channels and satellite-derived daily sea surface temperatures to determine Ta. A regression error of 0.83°C using 841 matched satellite and ship observations demonstrates a high-quality fit of the satellite observations with in situ Ta. Validation of the retrieval using independent International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS) ship and buoy observations results in a bias of −0.21°C and root-mean-square (RMS) differences of 1.55°C. A comparison with previous satellite-based Ta retrievals indicates less bias and significantly smaller RMS differences for the new retrieval. Regional biases inherent to previous retrievals are reduced in several oceanic regions using the new Ta retrieval. Satellite-derived Ts–Ta data were found to agree well with ICOADS buoy data and were significantly improved from previous retrievals.

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