scholarly journals Falling between the cracks of the governing systems: Risk and uncertainty in pastoralism in northern Norway

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
Northern Norway ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pastoral Communities

AbstractRapid and interacting change pose increasing threat to livelihoods and food production, and pastoralists in Nordland, northern Norway are at cross-roads both economically and culturally. Some of these changes are localized and pertain to changing weather and grazing conditions caused by climate change and land fragmentation. Others, driven by national management policies and governance specifically related to predators are poorly adjusted for the different and localized contexts. The pastoralists are inherently adaptive and have a long history of responding well to variable changing conditions. This is now changing with the continued increasing pressures from many directions. Central government systematically ignores pastoralists’ traditional knowledge and enforce narrow sector policies to be implemented at regional and local level. We address the effect of how institutional, physical and societal constraints challenge pastoralists’ prospects for sustainable adaptation. Our results show how pastoralists’ livelihoods become compromised and potentially threatened because they are forced to respond in ways that they know are counter-productive in the long run.Adaptation outcomes are affected by different approaches and epistemologies that are situated across scale and context in terms of regional and national regulations versus local empirical reality among the pastoral communities. This study concludes that radical change is needed towards a more holistic governance where multiple knowledge systems are integrated to ensure sustainable adaptation at all levels. This study is based on extensive and long-term field work among reindeer herders and sheep farmers in Nordland, through a collaborative process of knowledge co-production.

Chiari Malformation Presenting in Adults: A Surgical Experience in 127 Cases

Neurosurgery ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Joseph Levy ◽  
Laura Mason ◽  
Joseph F. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Chiari Malformation ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
History Of

Abstract We reviewed 127 patients who were operated upon for adult presentation Chiari malformation and made six conclusions: (a) The clinical examination remains crucial in the diagnosis. (b) The surgical anatomy is highly varied. (c) Syrinxes can be missed on preoperative contrast studies. (d By a conservative grading system, we determined that 46%; of the patients improved during long term follow-up. One-quarter deteriorated over the long run in spite of any treatment. (e) The overall results did not differ whether the treatment was plugging of the central canal plus decompression or decompression alone. (f) In patients with progression, plugging of the central canal obtained superior results. A review of the literature shows that the natural history of this complex disease process has not been established. This history is needed to identify the course of what may be several important factors that lead to the pathological condition in this disease.

scholarly journals Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Filip Novokmet
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

Hatoko Comes Home: Civil Society and Nuclear Power in Japan

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dusinberre ◽  
Daniel P. Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Power Utilities

This article seeks to explain how, given Japan's “nuclear allergy” following World War II, a small coastal town not far from Hiroshima volunteered to host a nuclear power plant in the early 1980s. Where standard explanations of contentious nuclear power siting decisions have focused on the regional power utilities and the central government, this paper instead examines the importance of historical change and civil society at a local level. Using a microhistorical approach based on interviews and archival materials, and framing our discussion with a popular Japanese television show known as Hatoko's Sea, we illustrate the agency of municipal actors in the decision-making process. In this way, we highlight the significance of long-term economic transformations, demographic decline, and vertical social networks in local invitations to controversial facilities. These perspectives are particularly important in the wake of the 2011 Fukushima crisis, as the outside world seeks to understand how and why Japan embraced atomic energy.

A Long-Run Perspective on Comparative Advantage

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Federico ◽  
Nikolaus Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level ◽  
Global Commodity Markets

The history of Italy since its unification in 1861 was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the country's integration with European and global commodity markets: foreign trade in the long run grew on average faster than the overall economy. Italy's comparative advantage changed fundamentally, from a high concentration of a few trading partners and a handful of rather simple commodities, into a wide diversification of trading partners and more sophisticated commodities. The chapter uses a new long-term database on Italian foreign trade at a high level of disaggregation to document and analyze these changes. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Italy's prospects from a historical perspective.

How Should We Approach the Economy of ‘Early Modern India’?

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1606-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHAMI GHOSH
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
History Of ◽  
Other World

AbstractTirthankar Roy's recent synthesis on the economic history of early modern India claims to provide a new, overarching narrative placing this period within the broader sweep of the history of what Roy defines as ‘capitalism’ in India in the very long term. This article provides a detailed critique of Roy's monograph, suggesting that it suffers from some serious methodological deficits, arising not least from a future-oriented paradigm that imposes anachronistic concepts on this period, including the very notion of ‘India’. Furthermore, Roy's view of the economy as being fundamentally driven forward by the rise of a coastal polity, expanding inwards from Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta, sits awkwardly with his repeated claim that colonialism was of little significance for Indian economic history. Finally, this article suggests that this period might be more fruitfully approached not only by abandoning thetelosof what we know of India's future, but also by adopting both regionally focused and comparative approaches, turning away from long-distance trade as the primary lens through which to view the economy, and instead examining endogenous factors in the economies of individual regions and enriching our understanding of them by reference to studies of other world regions with comparable patterns of development in the same period. More nuanced ways of approaching economic change in the very long run, including the importance of developments in modes of consumption and market- and profit-oriented economic behaviour, are suggested as a better means of understanding both the economies of the late pre-colonial centuries in the Indian subcontinent and the development of capitalism, which should also be understood in a more specific manner than Roy allows.

Visual attention in long-term survivors of leukemia receiving cranial radiation therapy

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY SCHATZ ◽  
JOEL H. KRAMER ◽  
ARTHUR R. ABLIN ◽  
KATHERINE K. MATTHAY
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Attention Deficits ◽  
Spatial Orienting ◽  
Cranial Radiation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Survivors

The effect of cranial radiation therapy (CRT) on visual attention was examined in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) compared to peers with no history of ALL (n= 24) using a cued orienting task and a global–local task. ALL participants treated with CRT (n= 13) demonstrated an increased cost in response time with invalid spatial orienting cues and inefficient shifts of attention across hierarchical levels. ALL participants treated only with chemotherapy (n= 8) showed performance similar to the non-ALL comparison group. Participants with exposure to CRT early in life appeared to largely account for the attention deficits, and showed particular difficulties with shifting attention from the local level of stimuli to the global level. The data are consistent with prior reports emphasizing attention deficits following CRT, and suggest that attention shifting may be particularly affected by CRT early in life. (JINS, 2004,10, 211–220.)

scholarly journals It’s time for Westernization: the advantages of the early start for long-term economic development at the local level

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 996-1025
Author(s):  
Sotiris Kampanelis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Early Start ◽  
Urban Economic ◽  
Urban Economic Development ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

Abstract This article examines the ‘early start’ hypothesis at the local level in the context of Australian colonization. It is found that the longer a place experiences economic activity under European management, the higher the level of economic development it achieves in the long-run. A theoretical framework is proposed under which a set of dynamic forces work in aggregate and enhance urban economic development. Results from several robustness checks that account for an array of possible biases validate the initial findings. Overall, the nature of Australian colonization reflects a relatively random variation in the duration of the Western presence at the local level, causing uneven urban development.

Patterns of Population Movement and Long-Term Population Growth in Southwestern Colorado

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah H. Schlanger
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
History Of

In spite of considerable fluctuations in the likelihood of agricultural success from place to place and from time to time, the southern Colorado Plateaus show a smooth increase in farming populations between A.D. 1 and 1150. At the local level, however, population curves in this region often register a pattern of short-lived occupations and abandonments that are tied to specific patterns of short-term and long-term climatic conditions. The prehistoric population record from the Dolores area, in the southwestern corner of Colorado, demonstrates how localized population adjustments to climatically sensitive environments can result in long-term population increases. Here, a 600-year history of population increase was maintained primarily through population movements between environmentally complementary places. When that strategy failed, due to a combination of adverse short-term and long-term climatic conditions, agricultural methods shifted from rainfall farming to intensified agriculture supported by water-control facilities.

Mobilizing memories: The social conditions of the long-term impact of victimization

2020 ◽  
pp. 002234332091281
Author(s):  
Francisco Villamil
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Long Term Impact

Recent research has focused on the legacies of civil war violence on political preferences, finding that wartime victimization decreases support for the perpetrator or its political identity in the long run. However, we know little about the conditions under which this effect takes place. Historical accounts from civil wars suggest that the long-term effect of violence is not homogenous, nor consistent across areas within a single conflict. Addressing this gap, this article explores the effects of wartime victimization on long-term political preferences at the local level, looking at the conditioning effect of the local social context. In particular, I argue that the effect of wartime violence depends on the existence of local networks that create and maintain memories of the violence and capitalize on them for future mobilization. This argument is tested in the context of the Spanish Civil War. I build a novel dataset using archival data, historical secondary sources, and already existing datasets, covering 2,100 municipalities across Spain. In line with the argument, it is found that Francoist wartime victimization during the civil war is linked to an increase in leftist vote share after democracy was restored four decades later, but mainly in those municipalities where clandestine, left-leaning political networks were active after the conflict.

scholarly journals The long-run effects of religious persecution: Evidence from the Spanish Inquisition

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (33) ◽  
pp. e2022881118
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Jordi Vidal-Robert ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Religious Persecution ◽  
Spanish Inquisition ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Indicators

Religious persecution is common in many countries around the globe. There is little evidence on its long-term effects. We collect data from all across Spain, using information from more than 67,000 trials held by the Spanish Inquisition between 1480 and 1820. This comprehensive database allows us to demonstrate that municipalities of Spain with a history of a stronger inquisitorial presence show lower economic performance, educational attainment, and trust today. The effects persist after controlling for historical indicators of religiosity and wealth, ruling out potential selection bias.

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