scholarly journals Uncertainty and Fertility in a Generalized AIDS Epidemic

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Trinitapoli ◽  
Sara Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Insight Into

Sociologists widely acknowledge that uncertainty matters for decision making, but they rarely measure it directly. In this article, we demonstrate the importance of theorizing about, measuring, and analyzing uncertainty as experienced by individuals. We adapt a novel probabilistic solicitation technique to measure personal uncertainty about HIV status in a high HIV prevalence area of southern Malawi. Using data from 2,000 young adults (ages 15 to 25 years), we demonstrate that uncertainty about HIV status is widespread and that it expands as young adults assess their proximate and distant futures. In conceptualizing HIV status as something more than sero-status itself, we gain insight into how what individuals know they don’t know influences their lives. Young people who are uncertain about their HIV status express desires to accelerate their childbearing relative to their counterparts who are certain they are uninfected. Our approach and findings show that personal uncertainty is a measurable and meaningful phenomenon that can illuminate much about individuals’ aspirations and behaviors.

scholarly journals A randomised feasibility trial of an intervention to support sharing of HIV status for 18–25-year olds living with perinatally acquired HIV compared with standard care: HIV Empowering Adults’ Decisions to Share—UK/Uganda Project (HEADS-UP)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Evangeli ◽  
Caroline Foster ◽  
Victor Musiime ◽  
Sarah Fidler ◽  
Janet Seeley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Feasibility Trial ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Perinatally Acquired ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Background Young adults with perinatally acquired HIV (PAH) face several challenges, including adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART), managing the risk of onward HIV transmission and maintaining positive well-being. Sharing one’s HIV status with others (onward HIV disclosure) may assist with these challenges by facilitating emotional and practical support. Rates of HIV status sharing are, however, low in this population. There are no existing interventions focused on sharing one’s HIV status for young adults living with PAH. The HEADS-UP study is designed to develop and test the feasibility of an intervention to help the sharing of HIV status for young adults with PAH. Methods The study is a 30-month multi-site randomised feasibility study across both a high-income/low-HIV prevalence country (UK) and a low-income/high-HIV prevalence country (Uganda). Phase 1 (12 months) will involve developing the intervention using qualitative interviews with 20 young people living with PAH (ten in the UK—18 to 29 years; ten in Uganda—18 to 25 years), 20 of their social network (friends, family, sexual partners as defined by the young person; ten in the UK, ten in Uganda) and ten professionals with experience working with young adults with PAH (five in the UK, five in Uganda). Phase 2 (18 months) involves conducting a randomised feasibility parallel group trial of the intervention alongside current standard of care condition in each country (main study) with 18- to 25-year olds with PAH. A sample size of 94 participants per condition (intervention or standard of care; 188 participants in total: 47 in each condition in each country) with data at both the baseline and 6-month follow-up time points, across UK and Ugandan sites will be recruited. Participants in the intervention condition will also complete measures immediately post-intervention. Face-to-face interviews will be conducted with ten participants in both countries immediately post-intervention and at 6-month follow-up (sub-study). Discussion This study will be the first trial that we are aware of to address important gaps in understanding acceptable and feasible ways of delivering HIV status sharing support for young people living with PAH. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN31852047, Registered on 21 January, 2019. Study sponsor: Royal Holloway University of London. Sponsor contact: [email protected]. Date and version: April 2020. Protocol version 3.5.

May I Talk to You for a Minute? An Assessment of Street Stops and Officer Decision-Making

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872110475
Author(s):  
Rob Tillyer ◽  
Michael R. Smith ◽  
Caleb D. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Traffic Stops ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Insight Into

The overwhelming majority of research on officer-initiated contacts with civilians is drawn from traffic stops, while relatively little is known about officer decision-making during non-vehicular, street stops. The current study fills this gap by examining intrusive detentions, investigatory actions and enforcement activities undertaken by the police during street stops. Using data from a racially/ethnic diverse metropolitan area, analyses examine encounter-related variables, civilian and officer-related demographic characteristics, and contextual correlates of actions undertaken during these incidents. Conclusions drawn from this study provide specific insight into the patterns and practices of street stop encounters and offer a contribution to our broader understanding of police-civilian encounters.

scholarly journals ‘We’re touching the topic, but we’re not opening the book:’ A grounded theory study of sibling relationships in young people with perinatally acquired HIV

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532096227
Author(s):  
Hannah Deakin ◽  
Graham Frize ◽  
Caroline Foster ◽  
Michael Evangeli
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Young People ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Hiv Disclosure ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Patterns Of Communication ◽  
Perinatally Acquired

HIV-related stressors affecting young adults with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV+) and their siblings include parental and sibling ill-health and death, own ill-health, HIV disclosure, and stigma. Young people with PHIV+ typically share their HIV status with family members. We explored sibling relationships in young people with PHIV+. Ten participants (six females, 17–23 years old) with PHIV+ took part in a semi-structured interview, analysed using Grounded Theory. The data were condensed into three theoretical codes: (1) HIV disclosure in sibling relationship; (2) Patterns of communication about HIV between siblings; and (3) Patterns of coping and support in sibling relationship.

scholarly journals HIV-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors among Grade 10 Girls and Boys in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal: Cross-Sectional Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilene S. Speizer ◽  
Khou Xiong ◽  
Mahua Mandal ◽  
Ndinda Makina-Zimalirana ◽  
Aiko Hattori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Young People ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
And Control

Background: Young people in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga South Africa are at high risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, awareness programs are needed to reach these young people and change their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Objective: The objective of this study is to use cross-sectional data from grade 10 female and male learners in randomly assigned intervention and control schools to examine their knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behaviors. Methods: Participants, who were in grade 10 in the 2018 school year and attending schools, were randomly assigned to the intervention and control arms for implementation of the Department of Basic Education’s adapted life orientation curriculum that included scripted lesson plans. The study took place in two high HIV prevalence provinces in South Africa. Participants completed self-administered tablet-based surveys and female participants provided a dried blood spot for HIV testing. Results: Results demonstrate that two-fifths to one-half of male learners reported being sexually experienced and a quarter (KwaZulu-Natal) to a third (Mpumalanga) of the female learners reported the same. A greater percentage of learners in Mpumalanga reported consistent condom use than learners in KwaZulu-Natal. HIV prevalence among female grade 10 learners in both provinces was about 6-7%. No notable differences were observed between intervention and control school learners on the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior outcomes. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate the importance of developing HIV prevention programs for young people in high HIV prevalence provinces since these young people remain at high risk for HIV and other negative outcomes. Trial Registration: This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The trial registration number is: NCT04205721. The trial was retrospectively registered on December 18, 2019.

scholarly journals Why Enrol in a Lifelong Learning Programme? A Comparative Study of Austrian and Spanish Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Domingo Barroso-Hurtado ◽  
Ralph Chan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Youth Transitions

Lifelong learning (LLL) programmes can be perceived as a means of governing youth transitions. Young adults can use such programmes to try to overcome different constraints in their life course. This article explores the decisions of young adults in Vienna (Austria) and Malaga (Spain) who are participating in different LLL programmes that seek to address their transition from unemployment to employment. In order to understand these decisions, we want to explore: (1) how the young adult’s experiences influenced their decision to engage with an LLL programme, (2) what role these programmes played in their biographies and (3) how young adults imagine their future. We use two theoretical lenses to explore these questions: bounded agency and projectivity. A comparative study of these two regions provides insight into how different contextual conditions influence young adults’ decisions. We perform three different analyses: of the young people’s past trajectories and transitions, of their imagined futures, and of their decision to enrol in the programme. Exploring young people’s subjective accounts of their pasts and their imagined futures helps to improve our understanding of the role young people believe these programmes play in their lives, why they have decided to enrol in them, and how they use and interpret these pathways through, and in the framework of, different contextual conditions.

Income sharing and spending decisions of young people living with their parents

2018 ◽  
pp. 358-385
Author(s):  
Márton Medgyesi ◽  
Ildikó Nagy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Income Pooling ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Income Sharing ◽  
Using Data

This chapter examines income sharing by young adults living with their parents. Using data from EU-SILC 2010, the chapter explores the determinants of contributions to household expenses among young adults (aged 18–34 years) living with their parents in 17 European Union countries. The examination finds that income sharing in the household tends to attenuate income differences between household members and to help members with low resources. The results also show inequalities in young adults’ experience of co-residence with parents: young adults in low-income households tend to contribute more to the household than do those in higher income homes. In addition, the results show that the majority of young adults benefit from intra-household sharing of resources. There is, however, a minority of young adults whose income is lower when the actual extent of income pooling is taken into account in the calculation of equivalized household income.

The new ‘spectral army’: biography and youth poverty on Teesside’s deprived estates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Ruddy
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young People ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Financial Hardship ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Material Hardship ◽  
Multiple Deprivation ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
North East ◽  
Insight Into

Anthony Ruddy examines the experiences of young people growing up in contexts of multiple deprivation and material hardship in a small, deindustrialised town in North East England. Using ethnographic and biographical subjective narratives from young people he focuses on the interplay between youth poverty and material inequality, resistance and the ordinary lives of young people from marginalized communities. This is a study on significant financial hardship and deep poverty intersects with structural economic and social degeneration, discrimination and individual victimization. He offers direct emotional insight into the lives of young adults who on a day-to-day basis experience different forms of marginalisation as part of their struggle of transition to adulthood.

scholarly journals Ailelerin Tatil Karar Sürecine Gençlerin Etkileri: Ankara İli Örneği / The Effects of the Youngs on the Family Vacation Decision Process: Ankara Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Ülker Köşk ◽  
Ahmet Gürbüz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young People ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
The Many ◽  
Family Vacation

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Individuals who are members of a social group exhibit behaviors that may be similar or identical to that of the social group. It can be said that the individuals in a familiy, like in a social group, also have the same or similar thoughts, habits and behaviors. Having similar thoughts, habits and behaviors is the result of the individuals in the group being affected by each other.</p><p> The individuals in the family can be influenced by each other in the decision-making process as well as with the many areas. This influence is multilinear, and we must say that it is possible for each of the family members to be potentially affected individually by all the members of the family. This research examines how families are influenced by their children's thoughts during vacation decision-making. The universe of the research is young people aged 15-24 who reside in Ankara. As in most areas, families can be influenced by their children's thoughts and ideas during holiday decision-making. In this research, according to all these information, it researched in the city of Ankara to examine the effects decision-making process of the families of young people aged 15-24. A total of 1160 surveys were conducted in the research and 15 surveys were not included in the study for various reasons. The results of the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 program interpreting the data obtained from the remaining 1145 questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Bir sosyal gruba mensup olan bireyler, sosyal grubun davranış biçimi ile benzer ya da aynı sayılabilecek davranışlar sergilerler. Sosyal bir grup olan ailedeki bireylerin de aynı düşüncelere, alışkanlıklara ve davranışlara sahip oldukları söylenebilir. Benzer düşünce, alışkanlık ve davranışlara sahip olmanın temelinde grup içindeki bireylerin birbirlerinden etkilenmelerinin yer aldığı söylenebilir.  </p><p>Ailedeki bireyler birçok alanda olduğu gibi karar verme sürecinde de birbirlerinden etkilenebilirler. Bu etkilenme çok yönlü bir etkilenme olup aile bireylerinden herbirinin potansiyel olarak ailenin tüm bireylerinden ayrı ayrı etkilenmesinin mümkün olduğunu söylememiz gerekir. Bu araştırma, tatil karar verme sürecinde ailelerin, çocuklarının düşüncelerinden ne şekilde etkilendiklerini incelemektedir. Çalışmanın evrenini, Ankara’da ikamet eden 15-24 yaş arası gençler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada toplam 1160 anket uygulanmış olup çeşitli nedenlerle 15 anket çalışmaya dâhil edilmemiştir. Geriye kalan 1145 anketten elde edilen verilerin yorumlanması için SPSS 22,0 veri analiz programı kullanılarak anket sonuçları analiz edilmiştir.</p>

Disclosure and nondisclosure of suicidality to romantic partners: Understanding the decision-making process

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752110089
Author(s):  
Heather A. Love ◽  
Leah E. LeFebvre ◽  
Joshua R. Pederson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors ◽  
Minimal Research ◽  
Insight Into

The stigmatization of suicidal thoughts and behaviors often prevents disclosure to others, including romantic partners. Minimal research has examined the disclosure or withholding of this stigmatized identity, resulting in a lack of knowledge about the benefits or consequences of informing others. Participants ( n = 61) were recruited from Reddit and completed open-ended questions about their prior suicidal ideation and behaviors while in a romantic relationship. Responses were separated by disclosers ( n = 31) and non-disclosers ( n = 30) to romantic partners. After utilizing a thematic analysis, the Disclosure Decision-Making Model (DD-MM) was applied to the results to make sense of decision-making processes. The three primary themes (assessing information, assessing emotional capacity, and assessing the receiver) provide insight into the psychological and communicative progression as well as the differences that arise for each individual. Findings discuss theoretical adaptations, implications, and future directions.

A Bird in the Hand Isn’t Good for Long

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Scherbaum ◽  
Simon Frisch ◽  
Maja Dshemuchadse
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Folk Wisdom ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Folk wisdom tells us that additional time to make a decision helps us to refrain from the first impulse to take the bird in the hand. However, the question why the time to decide plays an important role is still unanswered. Here we distinguish two explanations, one based on a bias in value accumulation that has to be overcome with time, the other based on cognitive control processes that need time to set in. In an intertemporal decision task, we use mouse tracking to study participants’ responses to options’ values and delays which were presented sequentially. We find that the information about options’ delays does indeed lead to an immediate bias that is controlled afterwards, matching the prediction of control processes needed to counter initial impulses. Hence, by using a dynamic measure, we provide insight into the processes underlying short-term oriented choices in intertemporal decision making.

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