Prisoner Reentry: Current Trends, Practices, and Issues

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Austin
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Prisoner Reentry ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
National Data ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Prison Systems

After three decades of passing laws and implementing policies designed to dramatically increase the nation's prison population and harden the conditions of confinement, there is a newfound interest among policy makers and criminologists in prisoner release. Using national data and a survey of eight states, this article examines the current “state of the art” of prisoner reentry. Not surprisingly, most state prison systems are ill equipped to ease the transition of inmates from prison to the community. A significant portion of released inmates pose minimal risk to public safety. Parole supervision increasingly results in ex-convicts' being reincarcerated for noncriminal behavior or misdemeanor crimes. For most inmates, reentry should be curtailed by either eliminating supervision or greatly shortening the period of supervision.

Predicting Psycho-educational Problems in Childhood

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Mass Identification ◽  
Ethical Perspectives

Presented are (1) a brief synthesis of several key conceptual and methodological concerns and some ethical perspectives related to identification of psycho-educational problems and (2) conclusions regarding the current state of the art. The conceptual discussion focuses on differentiating prediction from identification and screening from diagnosis; three models used in developing assessment procedures also are presented. Methodologically, the minimal requirements for satisfactory research are described and current problems are highlighted. Three ethical perspectives are discussed; cost-benefit for the individual, models-motives-goals underlying practices, and cost-benefit for the culture. The current state of the art is seen as not supporting the efficacy of the widespread use of currently available procedures for mass screening. Given this point and the methodological and ethical concerns discussed, it is suggested that policy makers reallocate limited resources away from mass identification and toward health maintenance and other approaches to prevention and early-age intervention.

scholarly journals Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition: The Next Chapter

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Cheng Yan ◽  
Axel Steinbrueck ◽  
Adam C. Sedgwick ◽  
Tony D. James
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fluorescent Chemosensors ◽  
Distant Future ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Molecule Recognition

Over the past 30 years fluorescent chemosensors have evolved to incorporate many optical-based modalities and strategies. In this perspective we seek to highlight the current state of the art as well as provide our viewpoint on the most significant future challenges remaining in the area. To underscore current trends in the field and to facilitate understanding of the area, we provide the reader with appropriate contemporary examples. We then conclude with our thoughts on the most probable directions that chemosensor development will take in the not-too-distant future.

Current trends in the study of music and emotion: Overture

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin ◽  
Marcel R. Zentner
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Good Grasp ◽  
Sixth International Conference ◽  
Music And Emotion ◽  
Musical Emotion ◽  
Sixth International

The study of musical emotion is currently witnessing a renaissance. However, the literature on music and emotion still presents a confusing picture. The conceptual terrain is still being mapped, and considerable refinement is still needed in how we study music and emotion. With all the research currently devoted to this subject, it is all the more important that we have a good grasp of the current state of the art, so that we do not invent the wheel twice. With this aim in mind, the present authors organized a symposium at the Sixth International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition in Keele, UK, August, 2000. The intention was to bring together several researchers who have made theoretical and empirical contributions to the field in order to display “Current trends in the study of music and emotion”. This special issue presents extended and revised papers from that symposium, including a number of additional contributions. In this paper, we provide an introduction. We discuss the historical background, highlight the primary issues as they relate to the contents of the others contributions, and finally consider the gap that exists between art and science.

Current Trends in Wireless Sensor Network Design

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Jain ◽  
Dharma P. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Autonomous Operation ◽  
Sensor Network Design ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Technological Area

The self-organizing nature of sensor networks, their autonomous operation and potential architectural alternatives make them suitable for different data-centric applications. Their wider acceptance seems to be rising on the horizon. In this article, we present an overview of the current state of the art in the field of wireless sensor networks. We also present various open research issues and provide an insight about the latest developments that need to be explored in greater depth that could possibly make this emerging technological area more useful than ever.

scholarly journals The long and winding road…

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Helm
Keyword(s):  
Education Policy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
Current State ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
The One

The long and winding road is a metaphor for a journey, often used to describe life journeys and the challenges encountered. The metaphor was used for the title of my keynote to refer both to the journey towards the current position of virtual exchange in education policy – but also the long road ahead. This paper aims to explore the emergence of virtual exchange in educational policy and how it has been adopted by non-profit organisations, educational institutions, and policy makers to address geo- and socio-political tensions. Though still a relatively new field, in recent years there have been some important developments in terms of policy statements and public investments in virtual exchange. The paper starts by looking at the current state-of-the-art in terms of virtual exchange in education policy and initiatives in Europe. Then, using an approach based on ‘episode studies’ from the policy literature, the paper explores the main virtual exchange schemes and initiatives that have drawn the attention of European policy makers. The paper closes by looking at some of the lessons we have learnt from research on the practice of virtual exchange, and how this can inform us as we face the long road ahead of us. The focus of this paper is on the European context not because I assume it to be the most important or influential, but rather because it is the one I know best, since it is the context in which I have been working.

scholarly journals Current Review of Delta Variant of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Selia Chowdhury ◽  
Mehedi Hasan Bappy ◽  
Samia Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Shahraj Chowdhury ◽  
Nurjahan Shipa Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Capability Of Detection

Mutations are causing SARS-CoV-2 to alter its genetic structure to improve its potential to elude the immune system, making vaccine buildout against the virus more difficult. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have been found up to this point; based on their impact on public health some are considered variants of concern (VOCs) and some are considered variants of interests. VOCs are linked to superior transmissibility, a decline in neutralization by natural or vaccine induced antibodies, evading capability of detection, and a reduction in the efficacy of vaccines or therapeutics. In this article, a SARS-CoV-2 subtype, known as Delta, has been revised to provide the current state of the art and an appropriate foundation for future research works. The evolution, pathogenesis, current trends of transmission, associated symptoms, suggested prevention and treatments, and vaccine efficacy of Delta variant are reviewed and discussed.

scholarly journals Magnesium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current trends and future perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 168781402110033
Author(s):  
Raj Shah ◽  
Vikram Mittal ◽  
Eliana Matsil ◽  
Andreas Rosenkranz
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Magnesium Ion ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Magnesium Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries have enabled electric vehicles to achieve a foothold in the automobile market. Due to an increasing environmental consciousness, electric vehicles are expected to take a larger portion of the market, with the ultimate goal of supplanting traditional vehicles. However, the involved costs, sustainability, and technical limitations of lithium-ion batteries do create substantial obstacles to this goal. Therefore, this article aims at presenting magnesium-ion batteries as a potential replacement for lithium-ion batteries. Though still under development, magnesium-ion batteries show promise in achieving similar volumetric and specific capacities to lithium-ion batteries. Additionally, magnesium is substantially more abundant than lithium, allowing for the batteries to be cheaper and more sustainable. Numerous technical challenges related to cathode and electrolyte selection are yet to be solved for magnesium-ion batteries. This paper discusses the current state-of-the-art of magnesium-ion batteries with a particular emphasis on the material selection. Although, current research indicates that sulfur-based cathodes coupled with a (HMDS)2Mg-based electrolyte shows substantial promise, other options could allow for a better performing battery. This paper addresses the challenges (materials and costs) and benefits associated with developing these batteries. When overcoming these challenges, magnesium-ion batteries are posed to be a groundbreaking technology potentially revolutionizing the vehicle industry.

scholarly journals Current Trends and Future Challenges in Automated Manufacturability Analysis

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyandra K. Gupta ◽  
Diganta Das ◽  
William C. Regli ◽  
Dana S. Nau
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
First Time ◽  
Manufacturing Problems

Abstract In the marketplace of the 21st century, there is no place for traditional over-the-wall communication between design and manufacturing. In order to “design it right the first time,” designers must ensure that their products are both functional and easy to manufacture. Software tools have had some successes in reducing the barriers between design and manufacturing. Manufacturability analysis systems are emerging as one such tool — enabling identification of potential manufacturing problems during the design phase and providing suggestions to designers on how to eliminate them. In this paper, we survey current state of the art in automated manufacturability analysis. We describe the existing approaches to automated manufacturability analysis and overview representative systems based on their application domain. Finally, we attempt to expose some of the existing research challenges and future directions.

scholarly journals On the Security and Privacy Challenges of Virtual Assistants

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2312
Author(s):  
Tom Bolton ◽  
Tooska Dargahi ◽  
Sana Belguith ◽  
Mabrook S. Al-Rakhami ◽  
Ali Hassan Sodhro
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Privacy Issues

Since the purchase of Siri by Apple, and its release with the iPhone 4S in 2011, virtual assistants (VAs) have grown in number and popularity. The sophisticated natural language processing and speech recognition employed by VAs enables users to interact with them conversationally, almost as they would with another human. To service user voice requests, VAs transmit large amounts of data to their vendors; these data are processed and stored in the Cloud. The potential data security and privacy issues involved in this process provided the motivation to examine the current state of the art in VA research. In this study, we identify peer-reviewed literature that focuses on security and privacy concerns surrounding these assistants, including current trends in addressing how voice assistants are vulnerable to malicious attacks and worries that the VA is recording without the user’s knowledge or consent. The findings show that not only are these worries manifold, but there is a gap in the current state of the art, and no current literature reviews on the topic exist. This review sheds light on future research directions, such as providing solutions to perform voice authentication without an external device, and the compliance of VAs with privacy regulations.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

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