Stalking Victimization Among College Students: The Role of Disability Within a Lifestyle-Routine Activity Framework

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford W. Reyns ◽  
Heidi Scherer
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Stalking Victimization

This study utilized the routine activity perspective and incorporated measures of disability to examine the underexplored relationship between disability status and stalking victimization. Survey data from approximately 43,000 college students from across the United States were examined to explore these relationships. Results indicated that disability was a significant risk factor for victimization. Consistent with theoretical expectations, several measures of lifestyles and routine activities also were found to increase risk of stalking victimization, including volunteering, employment, and risk-taking behaviors such as alcohol and drug use. Collectively, the results suggest that measures of disability should be incorporated into future research testing the routine activities perspective for interpersonal victimization.

Stalking on Campus: A Gendered Perspective on Target Congruence and Opportunity

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1308-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Elvey ◽  
Bradford W. Reyns ◽  
Susan McNeeley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Routine Activities Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
Stalking Victimization

This study examines target congruence and lifestyle-routine activity behaviors as explanations of stalking victimization among college students, while also considering gender as a moderator in these relationships. Analysis of a nationwide sample of more than 75,000 students from 129 universities across the United States suggests that indicators of target antagonism, target gratifiability, and target vulnerability significantly predict stalking victimization. Indicators of lifestyle-routine activities—in particular, proximity to motivated offenders, exposure to motivated offenders, and target attractiveness—are also significantly related to stalking victimization. In addition, the importance of specific risk factors vary by gender. The results highlight the importance of target congruence as an expansion of lifestyle-routine activities theory, which can help to direct policies and prevention measures in a meaningful and systematic way.

Disability Type and Risk of Sexual and Stalking Victimization in a National Sample: A Lifestyle–Routine Activity Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford W. Reyns ◽  
Heidi Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Interpersonal Victimization ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Stalking Victimization

Research findings from national samples indicate that people with disabilities have a higher risk of sexual and stalking victimization than their counterparts without disabilities. While this body of research indicates that disability is a risk factor for interpersonal victimization independent of known risk factors derived from the lifestyle–routine activity perspective, it has not yet been established whether the risk factors of victimization vary across disability type. Using survey data from approximately 40,000 college students from across the United States, this study addresses this issue by examining lifestyle–routine activity risk factors for victimization among subsamples of individuals with no disability, physical disabilities, mental disabilities, and learning disabilities. Results from multivariate binary logistic regression analyses indicate that risk factors for victimization vary across groups, with the greatest number of significant risk factors observed for students with no disabilities.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Perpetration and Non-suicidal Self-injury: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Serafini ◽  
Andrea Aguglia ◽  
Andrea Amerio ◽  
Giovanna Canepa ◽  
Giulia Adavastro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Bully Victims

AbstractExperience of bullying may be a significant risk factor for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This study had three aims: to systematically investigate the association between bullying and NSSI, analyze the possible mechanisms underlying the two phenomena, and evaluate any differences between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration with respect to NSSI. A systematic search about the association between bullying victimization and perpetration and NSSI was conducted using specific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct). The following keywords were used in all database searches: "bullying" AND "NSSI" OR "peer victimization" and NSSI. The searches in PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct revealed a total of 88 articles about bullying or peer victimization and NSSI. However, only 29 met our inclusion criteria and were used for the present review. Overall, all studies examined victimization; four studies also evaluated the effects of perpetration and one included bully-victims. According to the main findings, both being a victim of bullying and perpetrating bullying may increase the risk of adverse psychological outcomes in terms of NSSI and suicidality in the short and the long run. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review to systematically evaluate the relation between bullying victimization/perpetration and NSSI. The main results support a positive association. Future research should evaluate the possible role of specific mediators/moderators of the association between experience of bullying and NSSI.

scholarly journals The association between obesity and depression in adults: a meta-review

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S267-S267
Author(s):  
Abdi Malik Musa ◽  
Samuele Cortese ◽  
Olivia Bloodworth
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Medical File ◽  
Depressed Adolescent ◽  
Meta Review

AimsObesity and depression are increasing in prevalence and have become key issues in the public health of the modern day. We performed a meta-review to summarise the association between obesity and depression in adults.MethodA systematic literature search was undertaken on MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE and Web of Science for systematic reviews (SRs) with or without meta-analyses (MA) on the association between obesity and depression in adults (>18 years) published before 18 September 2018. Any approach to define depressive disorders (e.g. via structured interview or code in medical file) was accepted. Likewise, any method to assess obesity was accepted. Screening, data extraction and quality assessment was completed by two reviewers independently, with a third reviewer to arbitrate any disagreement. AMSTAR 2 tool was used to assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of the pertinent SRs/MAs.ResultAfter duplicate removal, we identified 6007 potentially pertinent citations. Following, title, abstract and full-text screening, 10 studies were included in the review; nine SRs with MAs and one SR. A statistically significant association between obesity and depression was reported in all nine SRs with MAs, with odds ratios ranging from 1.18 (95% CI = 1.11-1.26) to 1.57 (95% CI = 1.53-2.01). Increased severity of obesity (body mass index over 40) was associated with a greater odds of becoming depressed. Odds of developing depression were greater for obese females, compared to obese males, but this difference was not statistically significant. Depression was shown to be a significant risk factor for future obesity in all four relevant MAs with odds ratios ranging from 1.18 (95% CI = 1.13-1.23) to 1.40 (95% CI = 1.14-1.71) . Depressed adolescent females had the highest odds of becoming obese, significantly more so than depressed adolescent males and depressed adults. The quality of the included studies were mixed with five scoring moderate quality, three low quality and two critically low quality.ConclusionThe findings suggest a reciprocal association between depression and obesity, which may be modulated by age and gender. Future research should assess the potential effect of obesity and depression severity more carefully while also exploring the underlying mechanisms. These results warrant the investigation of the effect of obesity or depression intervention on the outcomes of the other.FUNDINGThis research received no financial sponsorship.

Poly-Victimization Among Female College Students: Are the Risk Factors the Same as Those Who Experience One Type of Victimization?

2020 ◽  
pp. 107780122095217
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Snyder ◽  
Heidi L. Scherer ◽  
Bonnie S. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Congruence Theory

Past research has shown that a significant proportion of college students will experience a victimization during their college tenure. This body of research provides evidence that college students’ lifestyle characteristics and routine activities play a role in influencing their risk of victimization; yet, little is known about whether these same risk factors predict both single-type victimization and poly-victimization. Using a sample of more than 4,000 college women from across the United States, multivariate analyses were used to examine the risk factors for poly-victimization. Measures from both target congruence theory and lifestyles-routine activities theory were found to significantly differentiate single-type victims from poly-victims.

Civil Protective Order Effectiveness: Justice or Just a Piece of Paper?

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
TK Logan ◽  
Robert T Walker
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Protective Order ◽  
Protective Orders ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Future Harm

Many victims, victim advocates, and even law enforcement believe that protective orders are “just a piece of paper,” suggesting that they do not work or are not effective. This study examined protective order effectiveness by following 210 women for 6 months after obtaining a protective order. There are four main themes that were identified from the study results. First, protective orders were not violated for half of the women in the sample during the 6-month follow-up period. Second, even among those who experienced violations, there were significant reductions in abuse and violence. Third, overall, women were less fearful of future harm from the PO partner at the 6-month follow-up, and a vast majority felt the protective order was fairly or extremely effective. Fourth, stalking emerges as a significant risk factor for protective order violations, sustained fear, and lower perceived effectiveness of the protective order. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Decreasing Incidence of Skin and Soft-tissue Infections in 86 US Emergency Departments, 2009–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Morgan ◽  
Sam Hohmann ◽  
Jessica P Ridgway ◽  
Robert S Daum ◽  
Michael Z David
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections

Abstract Background The incidence of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs), for which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant risk factor, in United States emergency departments (EDs) increased dramatically after 2000 with the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Few studies have examined SSTI incidence among HIV-infected and non–HIV-infected patients in the United States after 2010. Methods Data were obtained for patient encounters at all academic medical center EDs affiliated with the Vizient clinical data warehouse assigned an SSTI-associated code based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2014. The rate was calculated per 1000 ED encounters by year and stratified by SSTI, HIV infection, or both, and by age group, race, payer type, and region of care. Poisson regression was used to assess temporal change over the study period. Results In 2009–2014, a total of 47317 HIV-associated and 820440 SSTI-associated encounters were recorded among 25239781 ED patient encounters. The rate of SSTIs decreased by 8% among all patients and by 14.6%, among those with HIV infection. The SSTI incidence overall decreased from 32.0 to 29.7 per 1000 ED encounters between 2009 and 2014. HIV-infected patients had a significantly higher rate of SSTIs than HIV-uninfected patients (adjusted rate ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.84–1.99). Conclusions The decline in SSTI incidence in US EDs between 2009 and 2014 is a remarkable epidemiologic shift from the increase in SSTIs after 2000, and further research is necessary to assess reasons for this decrease.

scholarly journals Examine Internet Addiction and Acculturative Stress among International College Students in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Li
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Acculturative Stress ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Stress Theory ◽  
International College

While Internet use plays an increasingly important role in individuals’ lives, little is known about its potential to influence addictive behaviors. Guided by the acculturative stress theory, we examined the relationships between acculturative stress, gender, age, length of stay, and Internet addiction among international college students. Data were collected from 111 international undergraduate and graduate students studying in the United States. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses reported that acculturative stress and gender significantly predict Internet addiction among international college students. In this sample, neither age nor length of stay predicts Internet addiction. Our findings paint a picture of the potential influence of acculturative stress on Internet addiction. We offer suggestions for future research on Internet addiction and acculturative stress, particularly for international college students

scholarly journals Sexual Assault and Alcohol Use among College Students: A Critical Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaili Calasso ◽  
Carly Thompson-Memmer ◽  
Aaron J Kruse-Diehr ◽  
Tavis Glassman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Information ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female College ◽  
Polysubstance Use

The purpose of this study was to assess the extant literature on the relationship between alcohol and sexual assault among college students. A literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), PsycINFO, JSTOR, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Key search terms included sexual assault, alcohol, and college students. A total of 23 articles met inclusion criteria, the plurality (47.8%) of which were cross-sectional and featured convenience samples (43.5%). All studies were conducted at public higher education institutions in the United States. The most salient crosscutting themes included perceived low risk for sexual assault among female college students, higher likelihood of severe sexual assault among women who consumed more alcohol, and general information about polysubstance use and sexual assault risk. Methodological shortcomings included an overreliance on convenience sampling, lack of reporting of where samples were obtained, and single-site data collection. Given the large number of studies that found women who consume alcohol are more likely than their nondrinking counterparts to experience sexual assault, public health educators must continue to prioritize female college students who drink. However, interventions should target potential perpetrators rather than focusing solely on how victims can avoid risky situations. Future research should include diverse, random samples across multiple institutions topromote greater generalizability of findings.

scholarly journals Causal Analysis of Health Interventions and Environments for Influencing the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States of America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
zhouxuan Li ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Hong-Wen Deng ◽  
Eric Boerwinkle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

As of August 27, 2020, the number of cumulative cases of COVID-19 in the US exceeded 5,863,363 and included 180,595 deaths, thus causing a serious public health crisis. Curbing the spread of Covid-19 is still urgently needed. Given the lack of potential vaccines and effective medications, non-pharmaceutical interventions are the major option to curtail the spread of COVID-19. An accurate estimate of the potential impact of different non-pharmaceutical measures on containing, and identify risk factors influencing the spread of COVID-19 is crucial for planning the most effective interventions to curb the spread of COVID-19 and to reduce the deaths. Additive model-based bivariate causal discovery for scalar factors and multivariate Granger causality tests for time series factors are applied to the surveillance data of lab-confirmed Covid-19 cases in the US, University of Maryland Data (UMD) data, and Google mobility data from March 5, 2020 to August 25, 2020 in order to evaluate the contributions of social-biological factors, economics, the Google mobility indexes, and the rate of the virus test to the number of the new cases and number of deaths from COVID-19. We found that active cases/1000 people, workplaces, tests done/1000 people, imported COVID-19 cases, unemployment rate and unemployment claims/1000 people, mobility trends for places of residence (residential), retail and test capacity were the most significant risk factor for the new cases of COVID-19 in 23, 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, 1 and 1 states, respectively, and that active cases/1000 people, workplaces, residential, unemployment rate, imported COVID cases, unemployment claims/1000 people, transit stations, mobility trends (transit) , tests done/1000 people, grocery, testing capacity, retail, percentage of change in consumption, percentage of working from home were the most significant risk factor for the deaths of COVID-19 in 17, 10, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 states, respectively. We observed that no metrics showed significant evidence in mitigating the COVID-19 epidemic in FL and only a few metrics showed evidence in reducing the number of new cases of COVID-19 in AZ, NY and TX. Our results showed that the majority of non-pharmaceutical interventions had a large effect on slowing the transmission and reducing deaths, and that health interventions were still needed to contain COVID-19.

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