Stalking on Campus: A Gendered Perspective on Target Congruence and Opportunity

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1308-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Elvey ◽  
Bradford W. Reyns ◽  
Susan McNeeley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Routine Activities Theory ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Specific Risk ◽  
Stalking Victimization

This study examines target congruence and lifestyle-routine activity behaviors as explanations of stalking victimization among college students, while also considering gender as a moderator in these relationships. Analysis of a nationwide sample of more than 75,000 students from 129 universities across the United States suggests that indicators of target antagonism, target gratifiability, and target vulnerability significantly predict stalking victimization. Indicators of lifestyle-routine activities—in particular, proximity to motivated offenders, exposure to motivated offenders, and target attractiveness—are also significantly related to stalking victimization. In addition, the importance of specific risk factors vary by gender. The results highlight the importance of target congruence as an expansion of lifestyle-routine activities theory, which can help to direct policies and prevention measures in a meaningful and systematic way.

Stalking Victimization Among College Students: The Role of Disability Within a Lifestyle-Routine Activity Framework

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford W. Reyns ◽  
Heidi Scherer
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Stalking Victimization

This study utilized the routine activity perspective and incorporated measures of disability to examine the underexplored relationship between disability status and stalking victimization. Survey data from approximately 43,000 college students from across the United States were examined to explore these relationships. Results indicated that disability was a significant risk factor for victimization. Consistent with theoretical expectations, several measures of lifestyles and routine activities also were found to increase risk of stalking victimization, including volunteering, employment, and risk-taking behaviors such as alcohol and drug use. Collectively, the results suggest that measures of disability should be incorporated into future research testing the routine activities perspective for interpersonal victimization.

Poly-Victimization Among Female College Students: Are the Risk Factors the Same as Those Who Experience One Type of Victimization?

2020 ◽  
pp. 107780122095217
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Snyder ◽  
Heidi L. Scherer ◽  
Bonnie S. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Congruence Theory

Past research has shown that a significant proportion of college students will experience a victimization during their college tenure. This body of research provides evidence that college students’ lifestyle characteristics and routine activities play a role in influencing their risk of victimization; yet, little is known about whether these same risk factors predict both single-type victimization and poly-victimization. Using a sample of more than 4,000 college women from across the United States, multivariate analyses were used to examine the risk factors for poly-victimization. Measures from both target congruence theory and lifestyles-routine activities theory were found to significantly differentiate single-type victims from poly-victims.

Disability Type and Risk of Sexual and Stalking Victimization in a National Sample: A Lifestyle–Routine Activity Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford W. Reyns ◽  
Heidi Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Routine Activity ◽  
Interpersonal Victimization ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Stalking Victimization

Research findings from national samples indicate that people with disabilities have a higher risk of sexual and stalking victimization than their counterparts without disabilities. While this body of research indicates that disability is a risk factor for interpersonal victimization independent of known risk factors derived from the lifestyle–routine activity perspective, it has not yet been established whether the risk factors of victimization vary across disability type. Using survey data from approximately 40,000 college students from across the United States, this study addresses this issue by examining lifestyle–routine activity risk factors for victimization among subsamples of individuals with no disability, physical disabilities, mental disabilities, and learning disabilities. Results from multivariate binary logistic regression analyses indicate that risk factors for victimization vary across groups, with the greatest number of significant risk factors observed for students with no disabilities.

Examining the Characteristics That Differentiate Jihadi-Associated Cyberattacks Using Routine Activities Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 089443932110233
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Holt ◽  
Noah D. Turner ◽  
Joshua D. Freilich ◽  
Steven M. Chermak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Routine Activities Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model

This study applies routine activities theory to determine whether the characteristics of jihadi-inspired web defacements in the United States vary from all other defacements performed against IP addresses hosted within the United States from 2012 to 2016. We focus on target suitability variables and use a sample of over 2.2 million defacements reported by the independent website Zone-H. We estimated a binary logistic regression model and found that jihadi cyberattacks were rare among all the defacements performed in this 5-year period. Additionally, these findings demonstrated jihadists were more likely to target organizational websites and utilized specific attack methods compared to all other defacers. We contextualize our findings and outline a number of avenues for future research.

Routine Activities and Sexual Assault: An Analysis of Individual- and School-Level Factors

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy I. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Routine Activities Theory ◽  
School Level ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

The efficacy of routine activities theory is examined to explain sexual assault on the college campus. Although many research studies have utilized routine activities theory to predict sexual assault using individual-level factors, little is known about the effect of school-level factors on a student’s risk of sexual assault. Based on interviews from 3,036 randomly selected students and surveys from 11 randomly selected colleges in the United States, a hierarchical linear model was created to predict student victimizations by school characteristics. For the individual, results reveal that being female, drug use, and marital status are statistically significant for predicting the probability of a sexual assault. At the institutional level, however, none of the variables are significant in predicting sexual assault among college coeds. Policy implications for prevention measures on college campuses are discussed.

Capable Guardianship and CRISIS of Identity Theft in the United States: Expanding Cyber-Routine Activities Theory

J-Institute ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Sinchul Baek ◽  
◽  
Yongeun sUNG ◽  
Cruz Erik ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Identity Theft ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Routine Activities Theory

Routine Activities and Stalking Victimization in Sexual Minority College Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199187
Author(s):  
Gianna E. Davis ◽  
Denise A. Hines ◽  
Kathleen M. Palm Reed
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Routine Activities Theory ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Minority Identity ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Minority College Students ◽  
Sexual Minority Identity ◽  
Stalking Victimization

Sexual minority individuals, due to additional chronic stress they experience from living with a marginalized identity, may be perceived as vulnerable targets by motivated perpetrators of stalking. Using campus climate data collected over 11 years, researchers explore stalking victimization with a particular focus on the experiences of sexual minority college students. To get a better understanding of stalking as experienced by this population, this study investigated descriptive qualities and prevalence of stalking victimization among college students to compare experiences of sexual minority and heterosexual individuals. Additionally, using a routine activities theory framework, this study explored multiple sexual minority identities as unique predictors of stalking victimization. Results showed that bisexual and pansexual women were significantly more likely to experience stalking than heterosexual women, and gay men were significantly more likely to experience stalking than heterosexual men. In samples that included heterosexual, gay, lesbian, bisexual, and pansexual students, having a sexual minority identity predicted stalking victimization for men, and having a non-monosexual (bisexual or pansexual) identity predicted stalking victimization for women. When looking across all sexual orientations, sexual minority identity significantly predicted stalking victimization for both men and women. Results are discussed in the context of routine activities theory and future directions for exploring stalking in sexual minority populations are identified.

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