Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Police Departments ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Operating Methods ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Made In

The police have been particularly susceptible to the "means over ends" syndrome, placing more emphasis in their improvement efforts on organization and operating methods than on the substantive outcome of their work. This condition has been fed by the professional movement within the police field, with its concentration on the staffing, management, and organization of police agencies. More and more persons are questioning the widely held assumption that improvements in the internal man agement of police departments will enable the police to deal more effectively with the problems they are called upon to handle. If the police are to realize a greater return on the investment made in improving their oper ations, and if they are to mature as a profession, they must concern them selves more directly with the end product of their efforts.

Artistic Creation and Ethical Criticism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Nannicelli
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Criticism ◽  
New Production ◽  
Artistic Creation ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Made In

Artistic Creation and Ethical Criticism advances a new, production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. Its overarching arguments are these: (1) Judgments of an artwork’s ethical value are often made in terms of how it was created, and, furthermore, this is in part because some art forms more readily lend themselves to this form of ethical appraisal. (2) Among the ways in which art is ethically criticized, this production-oriented approach more often leads to practical consequences (censure, dismissal, prosecution, shifts in policy, legislation) because its claim to objectivity is less contested than that of other sorts of ethical criticism. (3) Together, (1) and (2) constitute an approach to the ethical criticism of art that is not only tacit in many art appreciative practices, but which is rationally warranted and defensible. In short, there are many cases in which one should ethically critique artworks in terms of how they are created because this approach encompasses cases that other approaches cannot and results in plausible judgments about the works’ ethical merits and flaws.

A Problem Oriented Enterprise Architecture Approach Applied to Wicked Problems

2012 ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Bernard Robertson-Dunn ◽  
Bernard Robertson-Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Enterprise Architecture ◽  
Wicked Problems ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Made In

This chapter proposes that a problem oriented approach to Enterprise Architecture can deliver a better outcome than one based upon needs and requirements, especially when dealing with Wicked Problems. A distinction is drawn between what an Enterprise Architect does, solve business problems, and what the architect produces, descriptions of end states. It also suggests that the approach to modeling and understanding a problem can have significant impacts on the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of potential solutions and the decisions made in identifying optimal solutions and implementation projects. Finally, the chapter discusses the use of the proposed problem oriented Enterprise Architecture approach to Wicked Problems in the context of e-Government.

scholarly journals Variability of Crime Clearance Among Police Agencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Scott ◽  
Charles Wellford ◽  
Cynthia Lum ◽  
Heather Vovak
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Clearance Rates ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Crime Clearance ◽  
Crime Types

Average crime clearance rates have remained remarkably stable in the United States since the 1980s, despite many advances in investigative technologies or fluctuations in crime. Taking these average trends at face value, some have suggested that this stability indicates that police departments can do little to alter their clearance rates. However, in this study, we find that the average trends mask substantial long-term variation in crime clearance among police agencies. Using group-based trajectory modeling, we test whether large U.S. police departments have reported uniquely different long-term clearance rate trends from 1981 to 2013 and what organizational factors might contribute to different trends. As we discuss, this method has attractive qualities that provide for a more rigorous analysis compared with past comparative work. Our results show diverse levels and patterns of clearance both within individual crime types and across multiple crime types that appear to covary with organizational factors. We explain how finite mixture modeling can advance both quantitative and qualitative research by identifying departmental differences in performance for further study.

scholarly journals The LTA project: Bridging the gap between training and the profession in real-time intralingual subtitling

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Eugeni ◽  
Rocío Bernabé Caro
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Training Materials ◽  
Professional Profile ◽  
Funded Project ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

Real-time intralingual subtitles enable access to live audiovisual products. However, the provision and the quality of such services across Europe is uneven and sometimes insufficient because live subtitlers are untrained or only partially trained and without recognized professional status. To bridge this gap, the EU-funded project Live Text Access (LTA) aims to create ad-hoc training materials and propose the recognition of certified professionals. This article first concentrates on the multifaceted and heterogeneous terminology adopted in the field. Then it provides an overview of the current situation in which live subtitlers are trained in Europe, focusing on the LTA rationale for creating open-source training materials based on certification, subtitling standards and a user-oriented approach. Finally, it reports on the progress the project has made in defining both the professional profile and the skills and competences of the intralingual real-time subtitler.

scholarly journals Transitioning from pandemic to normalcy: what police departments can learn from the rank-and-file

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne E. Gaub ◽  
Marthinus C. Koen ◽  
Shelby Davis
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Police Executives ◽  
Police Personnel

PurposeAfter more than 18 months of life during a pandemic, much of the world is beginning to transition back to some semblance of normalcy. As that happens, institutions – including policing – need to acknowledge changes that had been made during the pandemic and decide what modifications and innovations, if any, to continue moving forward.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use semi-structured interviews and focus groups of police personnel in the United States (US) and Canada. The sample includes police officers and frontline supervisors (n = 20). The authors conduct qualitative analysis using deductive and inductive coding schemes.FindingsThe sample identified four areas of adaptation during the pandemic: 1) safety measures, 2) personnel reallocation, 3) impacts on training and 4) innovation and role adjustments. These areas of adaptation prompted several recommendations for transitioning police agencies out of the pandemic.Originality/valueA growing number of studies are addressing police responses to the pandemic. Virtually all are quantitative in nature, including all studies investigating the perceptions of police personnel. The body of perceptual studies is extraordinarily small and primarily focuses on police executives, ignoring the views of the rank-and-file who are doing the work of street-level police business. This is the first study to delve into the perceptions of this group, and does so using a qualitative approach that permits a richer understanding of the nuances of perception.

Using organizational economics to engage cultural key masters in creating change in forensic science administration to minimize bias and errors

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVERARD JAMES COWAN
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Error Tolerance ◽  
Organizational Economics ◽  
Compensation Plans ◽  
Culture Of Learning ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Forensic Scientists ◽  
Identity Changes ◽  
Made In

Abstract:The administration of the forensic science process falls into the hands of supervisors, local administrators, and prosecution attorneys and police agencies. In the current structure, the police and prosecution are the principal and the forensic scientists the agent. I identify changes that must be made in that relationship to eliminate biases and to determine the major obstacles that stand in the way of creating the necessary changes. I focus on the ‘middle managers’ – the supervisors and laboratory directors – as the cultural key masters. I recommend: mechanism design principles to enable laboratories to report to a board of directors, rather than the prosecutor and police; for the development of compensation plans for middle managers to build a culture of learning based on error tolerance rather than error punishment; and for the use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to facilitate the identity changes of cultural key masters.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ted Nannicelli
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Criticism ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Made In

This chapter summarizes the methods, arguments, and contents of the overall book. It outlines the central considerations in support of the production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. It claims that judgments of an artwork’s ethical value are often made (and often should be made) in terms of how it was created and, furthermore, that this is in part because some art forms more readily lend themselves to this form of ethical appraisal. In addition, the chapter claims that among the ways in which we ethically criticize art, this production-oriented approach more often leads to practical consequences (censure, dismissal, prosecution, legislation) because its claim to objectivity is less contested than that of other sorts of ethical criticism.

Developing a professional standards model for the fire service

2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Riley, MS ◽  
Linda D. Sarbo, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Fire Service ◽  
Professional Standards ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Service Agencies

While police agencies have well-established internal affairs processes, professional standards units (PSUs) are rare in fire service agencies with fewer than 1,000 employees. In response to increased public scrutiny and growing concerns about liability issues, fire service agencies are implementing PSUs.This study was designed to develop and validate a prototype professional standards manual for fire service agencies. We reviewed professional standards divisions in fire service and police departments, and interviewed representatives of selected agencies to establish parameters for successful PSUs. Based on this review, a professional standards model was developed. For validation, the prototype was submitted to four fire service professionals for review and comment. Their comments were supplemented by phone interviews and incorporated into the model.

Working with communities on social media

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 782-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyan Dai ◽  
Wu He ◽  
Xin Tian ◽  
Ashley Giraldi ◽  
Feng Gu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hampton Roads ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
American Police

Purpose American police departments are beginning to implement social media as a strategy to engage the surrounding communities through various methods, including Facebook and Twitter. The purpose of this paper is to examine the varieties in the use of Facebook and Twitter by local police departments. Design/methodology/approach This study collected all data between October 1, 2013 and March 31, 2014 from Facebook and Twitter accounts of seven city police departments in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. These agencies resemble many police departments in the USA, and in total serve a diverse population of approximately 1,435,000. Content analysis and statistical tests are conducted. Findings Results show that specific types of posts are more engaging for the community. Facebook and Twitter interactions vary depending upon the type of posts, demonstrating that citizens are using Facebook and Twitter to interact in different ways. Research limitations/implications The findings presented here give police agencies’ insight on how to appropriately adjust their use of social media to fulfill the needs of the citizens and optimize interactions with the community. Originality/value This is the first study to systematically examine and analyze the varieties in the use of social media by traditional American local police departments and their interactions with citizens.

Addressing Challenges to Homeland Security Information Sharing in American Policing: Using Kotter’s Leading Change Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1250-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Homeland Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Change Model ◽  
Leading Change ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Agency Issues ◽  
Security Information ◽  
State And Local

The sharing of homeland security information is a crucial aspect of modern policing in the United States. This article outlines some of the obstacles to information sharing at the state and local levels, including interagency and intra-agency issues that arise for police agencies. It explores the complexities of information sharing across a highly decentralized policing system. Many police departments lack a formal intelligence function that limits their ability to share information. This article offers an organizational change model using John Kotter’s Leading Change principles that police agencies of any size can follow. It outlines Kotter’s eight-stage process from establishing a sense of urgency through anchoring new approaches in the culture to create a framework for police departments to integrate homeland security information sharing. Its intent is to provide a framework for police agencies to incrementally implement some of the recommendations of the various strategic documents that guide information sharing.

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