The rise and endurance of radical right movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Caiani
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Leadership Communication ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shed Light

This article reviews the scholarship on radical right movements in Europe. It focuses on three strands of this literature: first, the macro-level contextual opportunities-based explanations for the fortunes of these movements; second, internal supply-side approaches, referring to the internal organizational resources – leadership, communication and propaganda – that support the mobilization; and third, the individual (micro-level) factors of the emergence and the rise of radical right movements. The goal is to shed light on all these different approaches to explain the ‘Who’, ‘When’, ‘How’ and ‘Why’ of the emergence and (violent) mobilization of radical right groups, using empirical evidence drawn from various case studies in Western, Eastern and Central Europe. This is a topic often neglected in the academic literature on the radical right, which still focuses mainly on political parties and elections. The article concludes by discussing possible future directions for radical right movement research, including the transnationalization of the radical right, the usage of the Internet and radical right ‘movement parties’.

scholarly journals Causes and consequences of the rise of populist radical right parties and movements in Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Muis ◽  
Tim Immerzeel
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Political Opportunity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Populist Radical Right ◽  
Case Selection ◽  
Radical Right Parties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supply Side Factors

This article reviews three strands in the scholarship on the populist radical right (PRR). It covers both political parties and extra-parliamentary mobilization in contemporary European democracies. After definitional issues and case selection, the authors first discuss demand-side approaches to the fortunes of the PRR. Subsequently, supply-side approaches are assessed, namely political opportunity explanations and internal supply-side factors, referring to leadership, organization and ideological positioning. Third, research on the consequences of the emergence and rise of these parties and movements is examined: do they constitute a corrective or a threat to democracy? The authors discuss the growing literature on the impact on established parties’ policies, the policies themselves, and citizens’ behaviour. The review concludes with future directions for theorizing and research.

Working for Free

2018 ◽  
pp. 167-196
Author(s):  
Jon W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Marginal Returns ◽  
Share Value

While freedom dividends from spreading the Internet specifically and information technologies more generally across the Arab Middle East have proven problematic, hopes for economic dividends endure throughout the spectrum from national policy-makers to developers and users in nearly all countries in the region. Enthusiasms for investment in Internet and IT generally have rested on broad supply-side orientations at macro levels that do not link with the actual sociology of IT development, deployment and use at more micro levels, where returns to working on and through the Internet have been elusive. This chapter focuses on Internet developers as the missing link and identifies factors from piracy to strategies for pursuing returns by selling the firm rather than the product and forms of rent-seeking that add problems of getting paid to practices in which IT workers elsewhere have been found to share value orientations of entrepreneurial IT firms, while value is extracted upward and marginal returns on primary production fall at the micro level and fail to register as productivity at the macro level.

scholarly journals From Paramilitaries to Parliamentarians: Disaggregating Radical Right Wing Extremist Movements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Blazakis ◽  
Colin Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
White Supremacist ◽  
Far Right ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
The Individual

The global far right is extremely broad in nature and far from monolithic. While the “far right” is often used as an umbrella term, using the term runs the risk of over-simplifying the differences and linkages between white supremacist, anti-immigration, nativist, and other motivating ideologies. These beliefs and political platforms fall within the far-right rubric, and too often the phrase presents a more unified image of the phenomena than is really the case. In truth, the “far right” and the individual movements that comprise it are fragmented, consisting of a number of groups that lack established leadership and cohesion. Indeed, these movements include chauvinist religious organizations, neo-fascist street gangs, and paramilitary organs of established political parties. Although such movements largely lack the mass appeal of the interwar European radical right-wing extreme, they nevertheless can inspire both premeditated and spontaneous acts of violence against perceived enemies. This report is intended to provide policymakers, practitioners, and the academic community with a roadmap of ongoing shifts in the organizational structures and ideological currents of radical right-wing extremist movements, detailing the difference between distinct, yet often connected and interlaced echelons of the far right. In particular, the report identifies and analyzes various aspects of the broader far right and the assorted grievances it leverages to recruit, which is critical to gaining a more nuanced understanding of the potential future trajectory of these movements.

scholarly journals The Convergence Between Cultural Psychology and Developmental Science: Acculturation as an Exemplar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Schwartz ◽  
Á Szabó ◽  
A Meca ◽  
Colleen Ward ◽  
CR Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Developmental Science ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Legal Immigrants

© Copyright © 2020 Schwartz, Szabó, Meca, Ward, Martinez, Cobb, Benet-Martínez, Unger and Pantea. The present article proposes an integration between cultural psychology and developmental science. Such an integration would draw on the cultural-psychology principle of culture–psyche interactions, as well as on the developmental-science principle of person↔context relations. Our proposed integration centers on acculturation, which is inherently both cultural and developmental. Specifically, we propose that acculturation is governed by specific transactions between the individual and the cultural context, and that different types of international migrants (e.g., legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, crisis migrants) encounter quite different culture–psyche interactions and person↔context relations. We outline the ways in which various acculturation-related phenomena, such as acculturation operating at macro-level versus micro-level time scales, can be viewed through cultural and developmental lenses. The article concludes with future directions in research on acculturation as an intersection of cultural and developmental processes.

A Social Movement in First Person Singular: The Colours of the “Colourful Revolution” in North Macedonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Josipa Rizankoska ◽  
Jasmina Trajkoska
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Criminal Charges ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
High Level

The true identity of the Colourful Revolution in North Macedonia was subject to contrasting public discourses. The authors provide a combined descriptive and micro-level empirical analysis, based on an original dataset, to prove that the Colourful Revolution complies with the essential elements of a social movement. They elaborate the main features of its collective identity by focusing on the perceptions of its participants (567 protesters were surveyed). A firm campaign for resignation of the executive government and for free judicial processes of the criminal charges for high-level political figures was detected. The Colourful Revolution’s repertoire contained calls for freedom, justice and solidarity, and the movement demonstrated strong unity beyond its internal social, ethnic and party diversity. The Colourful Revolution’s successful horizontal organization relied mostly on the internet, but the opposition political parties also played an important role in the processes of mobilization and endurance through time.

scholarly journals Comics Polysystem in Iran: A Case Study of the Persian Translations of Les Aventures de Tintin

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sadegh Kenevisi ◽  
Mohammad Saleh Sanatifar
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Target Culture ◽  
Shed Light

Despite the popularity of comics, the subject of their translation has remained notably underexplored. Comics swept into the market of Iran in the 1970s; however, they were a new and unfamiliar genre in the country. One of the earliest comic series to appear in Iran was Les Aventures de Tintin, translated by Khosro Sami’i and published by Universal Publications before the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979. Following the Revolution, Universal discontinued the series in Iran and other publishers briefly took it up; after a few years, publication of the books was discontinued. It was not until 2000 that the series was re-introduced by Tarikh-o Farhang and Andishe-ye No Publications. Moreover, as a result of the ubiquitous availability of comic books on the Internet, scanlations made by Tintinophiles have burgeoned recently. This study examines the translations into Persian of Les Aventures de Tintin from these three groups (the early editions of the 1970s and 1980s, the revived publications of 2000, and the Internet scanlations) and attempts to shed light on the position of comics in the translated polysystem of Iran. For this purpose, Even-Zohar’s Polysystem theory (“Polysystem Studies” 9-26) and Tamaki’s approach (119-146) are employed. The synthetic model of translation description proposed by Lambert and Van Gorp (42-53) is used to examine the translations in three layers: 1) preliminary data, 2) macro-level, and 3) micro-level. Onomatopoeic representations are analysed at the micro-level to investigate the extent to which their translations have broken target culture norms and conventions. The results of the study reveal a gap for comics, an empty niche to be filled, in the translated polysystem of Iran and, accordingly, a canonized position for this genre and its translations. This position, however, has migrated to a less central place in more recent translations.

scholarly journals Where do radical right parties stand? Position blurring in multidimensional competition

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Rovny
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Radical Right Parties ◽  
Quantitative Analyses

This article questions the utility of assessing radical right party placement on economic issues, which has been extensively analyzed in academic literature. Starting from the premise that political parties have varying strategic stakes in different political issues, the article considers political competition in multiple issue dimensions. It suggests that political competition is not simply a matter of taking positions on political issues, but rather centers on manipulating the dimensional structure of politics. The core argument is that certain political parties, such as those of the radical right, seek to compete on neglected, secondary issues while simultaneously blurring their positions on established issues in order to attract broader support. Deliberate position blurring – considered costly by the literature – may thus be an effective strategy in multidimensional competition. The article combines quantitative analyses of electoral manifestos, expert placement of political parties, and voter preferences, by studying seventeen radical right parties in nine Western European party systems.

scholarly journals The Convergence Between Cultural Psychology and Developmental Science: Acculturation as an Exemplar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Schwartz ◽  
Agnes Szabo ◽  
A Meca ◽  
Colleen Ward ◽  
CR Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Developmental Science ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Legal Immigrants

© Copyright © 2020 Schwartz, Szabó, Meca, Ward, Martinez, Cobb, Benet-Martínez, Unger and Pantea. The present article proposes an integration between cultural psychology and developmental science. Such an integration would draw on the cultural-psychology principle of culture–psyche interactions, as well as on the developmental-science principle of person↔context relations. Our proposed integration centers on acculturation, which is inherently both cultural and developmental. Specifically, we propose that acculturation is governed by specific transactions between the individual and the cultural context, and that different types of international migrants (e.g., legal immigrants, undocumented immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, crisis migrants) encounter quite different culture–psyche interactions and person↔context relations. We outline the ways in which various acculturation-related phenomena, such as acculturation operating at macro-level versus micro-level time scales, can be viewed through cultural and developmental lenses. The article concludes with future directions in research on acculturation as an intersection of cultural and developmental processes.

scholarly journals Hungary's radical right 2.0

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Karl
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Social Networking Site ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
Extreme Right Parties

In the digital age, the Internet is an important factor in the emergence and success of political parties and social movements. Despite growing evidence that extremists of all stripes use the virtual world for their purposes, research on this topic still lacks a wide array of empirical data, case studies, and theoretical background. In particular, Facebook, as the most important social networking site, is a new tool for political parties and movements to mobilize followers. The article explores how the extreme-right party Jobbik uses this tool more successfully than other Hungarian parties or Western European extreme-right parties. Comparing the growth in followers highlights this success, and a look at how it generates likes helps to explain it. The article argues that Jobbik uses Facebook in a sophisticated way and suggests that this “likable” attitude helps to attract young and first-time voters.

Lacan, Identities, and Organizations

2020 ◽  
pp. 184-199
Author(s):  
Kate Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Organizational Identification ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Psychoanalytic Approach ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Shed Light

Lacan’s ideas shed light on why and how we are influenced by social structures including the organizations for which we work. This chapter explores how his insights have informed studies of identities in organizations, along with the obstacles to, and potentialities for, further research. The chapter begins by locating Lacan’s work in organizational identification scholarship, specifically the psychoanalytic approach, before offering an interpretation of concepts including signification and subjection. Two more-or-less distinct trajectories of Lacanian approaches to organizational identification are presented: one focuses on the micro-level of employees’ engagements with their organizations, the second examines the appeal of macro-level discourses regarding work and capital. Next, specific concepts inherent in a Lacanian approach to organizational identification are outlined including: affect, ‘going beyond’ subjection, gender, and finally methodological implications for empirical research. The author then discusses future ‘impossibilities’ for the study of organizational identification, and problematizes the use of Lacan’s approach in explorations of identity work. The chapter concludes with some future directions for research.

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