Impact of Economic Reforms on External Sector

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-100
Author(s):  
R.K. Kaundal
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Tariff Protection ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
External Sector ◽  
The Impact

The impact of economic reforms on the external sector during the post reform period was extremely successful in meeting the balance of payments crisis of 1990s. These reforms improved the openness of the Indian economy vis-a-vis other emerging economies. Indian economy is more deeply integrated with the world economy today than it was in 1991 as a result of high growth rate of both exports and imports. Much, however, remains to be done. Indian economy is still relatively closed compared to its “peer competitors”. Further reduction to tariff protection and liberalisation of capital flows will enhance the efficiency of the economy and along with reforms of domestic policies will stimulate investment and growth.

scholarly journals The workers of the Donbas coal mines in the post reform period

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
І.В. Довжук
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Donets Basin ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Intensive Development

The article deals with the problems of providing labor in the coalmines of the Donets Basin in the post reform period. Attention is drawn to the use of female and child labor in the production process, and the conditions under which this happened are being ascertained. It is noted that the intensive development of the coal industry in the 1880-1890s led, on the one hand, to a high growth rate in the number of workers employed in coal mining, and on the other, it exacerbated the deficit of this category of workers. Gradually, with the development of industry in the region, a constant contingent of miners took shape.  As a result, the so-called mining families began to form in the coal industry of Donbass, which later became a tangible source of replenishing the ranks of workers.

Marketing Response Modelling: Impact of Digital Marketing for a Luxury Car Brand

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-270
Author(s):  
Mihir Dash ◽  
Kshitiz Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Goods Market ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Mix ◽  
Response Modelling ◽  
The Impact

The luxury car segment is the most vibrant segment in the luxury goods market, experiencing high growth in recent years in the emerging economies of China, India, and Brazil. In India, the luxury car segment is dominated by three major players, that is, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, and BMW, together accounting for 85 per cent of the total Indian luxury car segment. The study proposes a marketing response model for luxury car brands, involving a linear model with all possible interaction effects. The model is applied in the case of a luxury car brand which had recently adopted digital marketing in addition to its traditional advertising media mix. The response in the form of customer queries at its showroom (situated in Bangalore, India) was taken as the dependent variable. The independent variables were the advertising expenditure in different media, viz. newspapers and magazines, display events, and digital media. The results of the model provide a measure of the effectiveness of each of the media, the interaction between them, as well as the impact of digital marketing.

scholarly journals Predicting pasture production under poplars using canopy closure images

2006 ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
A.J. Wall ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
A.D. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Poplar Trees ◽  
The Impact

Poplar trees serve a wide variety of purposes on New Zealand farms. Their high growth rate and ability to establish from poles make them a very suitable tree species for soil conservation plantings on erosion-prone hill pastures. The impact that such plantings have on understorey pasture production as the tree canopy develops in size was determined by measuring pasture dry matter (DM) production on three North Island sheep and beef hill farms. Poplars markedly reduced annual pasture production by up to 50% at high canopy closure. To maintain pasture production at 65-75% of uneroded open pasture, poplar canopy closure should not exceed 50%. However, it must be emphasised that the loss in production through soil erosion (e.g. slips or earthflows) without poplars can be even greater, more permanent, and much more unpredictable. Keywords: Populus, soil erosion, agroforestry, digital images, canopy closure, understorey pasture

scholarly journals A Study on Customer Satisfaction towards Banking Service

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Aamir Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Proxy Variable ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
Banking Service ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of new economic reforms of 1991 on Indian economy in general and GDP growth rate in particular. From the trend analysis of GDP and its major determinants, it was found that all variables performed really well in the post reform period in contrast to the pre reform period. The regression analysis confirmed that the GDP growth of India is significantly affected by imports and surprisingly FDI inflows were found to be insignificant. A dummy variable which was incorporated as a proxy variable for economic reforms of 1991 was found to be positive and significant which asserted that the economic reforms had made a positive impact on GDP growth of India. To enhance the GDP growth, the imports should be further enhanced; the composition of imports should be directed towards capital goods rather than consumer goods imports. Distribution of FDI should be organized in a systematic and coherent manner and should not be just directed towards white goods industries which cater the needs of rich sections of society. Some portion of FDI inflows should be directed towards smaller projects, (unregistered manufacturing) which in country like India augments employment levels thereby increasing the production and productivity. Finally, in order to boost the GDP growth in India it is argued that the important constituents of GDP should be further promoted through liberal policies in a systematic manner.

scholarly journals Critical Exploration of Indian Economic Reforms of 1991: a lesson for Developing Economies

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S3) ◽  
pp. 490-500 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
International Pressure ◽  
Critical Exploration ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of reforms that took place in Indian economy in 1991. Balance of payment difficulty resulted in acute economic crisis and therefore economic reforms were inevitable. Post this incident; there have been three more phases of economic reforms. Economic reforms were compelled due to international pressure of the situation post balance of payment crisis of 1991. The significance of this study lies in the derivation of various ways in which these reforms played a major role in the transformation of Indian economy in the form of its impact on poverty, education, socio-cultural mixture, economic growth etc. We have tried to revisit situation of payments crisis and tried to understand if these reforms were enough and were they concrete measures to tackle long-term problem or if they were only sufficient to handle the crisis. Finally we have tried to find out, as to what was left out of reforms or what other measures could have been taken. Balance of payment difficulties are difficulties faced by most of the underdeveloped or developing countries

scholarly journals Economic Reforms and Inter-Regional Disparities

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-285
Author(s):  
Sandip P. Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inter State ◽  
Academic Study

The impact of India’s economic reforms on economic performance has been the subject of much academic study and public debate in India, but the focus has been largely on the performance of the economy as a whole or of individual sectors. The performance of individual states in the post-reforms period has not received comparable attention and yet there are very good reasons why such an analysis should be of special interest.  The study focuses on the issue of inter-state disparities of the 14 major states in the post-reform period beginning from the 1991-92 to 1998-99 and further from 2000-01 to 2005-06.

Convergence in Bank Credit

2014 ◽  
pp. 101-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra Das ◽  
Soumyananda Dinda
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Controlled Structure

The Indian economy witnessed a major structural break in the name of economic liberalization in the early nineties to free the economy from its long-standing controlled structure to achieve high growth rate of the overall economy and solve the persistent low growth and development problem. The existing literature reveals the phenomenal rise in income growth as well as rising divergence across states and regions under several grounds. The present study explores how divergences in allocation of commercial bank credit over time may result in the growing disparities in growth of incomes in the states of India. The study observes that there are diverging tendencies among the states during the post-reform period with respect to per-capita credit and aggregate credit. The study also reveals that the agriculture and industrial sectors are converging during the pre-reform phase, but there are insignificant signs of divergences in the industrial and service sectors during the post-reform period.

Economic Liberalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-141
Author(s):  
Prabhash Ranjan
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Clear Objective

This chapter discusses the Balance of Payments (BoP) crisis of 1991 that led to the advent of economic reforms that changed the course of India’s economic trajectory for ever. As a conscious break from the past, India undertook many bold structural economic reforms. Liberalization of foreign investment was one of them. This ushered in an age of embracement of BITs and the willingness to be bound by those international law principles pertaining to foreign investment that India had opposed earlier. India started negotiating and signing BITs from 1992 with the clear objective of promoting and protecting foreign investment in India. In this phase, India had a marginal involvement in investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) cases. Also, there was not much discussion on the impact of BITs on India’s right to regulate. The BITs singed in this period resembled the laissez faire liberalism model.

scholarly journals Options for Financing the Budgetary Deficit, Money Supply, and Growth of Banking Sector

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4II) ◽  
pp. 769-784
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Monetary Expansion ◽  
Rate Structure ◽  
The Impact

The fiscal deficit has assumed alarming proportions in Pakistan; it was as large as 8.5 percent of the GDP in 1987-88. Though it has fallen somewhat in recent years, yet it still is around 6.7 percent of GDP. While the fiscal deficit was expected to result in a high rate of inflation and slow growth of output, Pakistan has sustained a high growth rate of output with price stability. This makes Pakistan a fascinating case study.l The impact of the fiscal deficit on monetary expansion, growth of output and price stability in various countries has been extensively analysed. For example, see Cline (1987); Collins and Park (1989), Corbo (1985,1989); Corbo and de Melo (1989); Corbo and Nam (1988); Dornbusch and de Pablo (1989); Easterly (1989); Edwards (1989); Enders and Mattione (1984); Gil Diaz (1988); Haque (1987); Kim and Yun (1988); Kormendi (1983); Modigliani and Sterling (1986); Nash (1988); Ocampo (1987); Reisen and van Trotsenburg (1988); van Wijnbergen (1987) and Yellen (1989). However, very little work is available on Pakistan. The present study is an attempt to fill that important gap. By analysing trends in the budgetary deficit and in the pattern of financing the deficit, the present study explores their implications for the interest rate structure, monetary expansion, and growth of the banking sector in Pakistan. The paper is divided into four sections. Section I traces the trends in the fiscal deficit over time. Patterns of financing the deficit and implications for monetary expansion are analysed in Section II. Section III examines the implications of changes in the rate structure of interest for the growth of money supply and the banking sector. Section IV presents the main conclusions of the study.

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