Disentangling Inequity in Gifted Education: The Need for Nuance in Racial/Ethnic Categories, Socioeconomic Status, and Geography

The present studies examined the conditions under which low subjective socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with greater racial/ethnic prejudice among White Americans. Based on theories of intergroup threat and inclusive victim consciousness, we predicted that describing racial/ethnic minorities as disadvantaged (versus as competitive or in neutral terms) would increase empathy and reduce prejudice among White Americans who consider themselves low in SES. Study 1 provided correlational evidence that White Americans who perceived themselves as low-SES (but not high-SES) were less prejudiced against racial/ethnic minorities the more they perceived minorities as disadvantaged. In Study 2, portraying the target outgroup (Arab immigrants) as disadvantaged increased outgroup empathy, and in turn reduced prejudice, among participants induced to think of themselves as low-SES. Study 3 conceptually replicated these results using a different outgroup (Mexican Americans) and a behavioral measure of prejudice. Implications for reducing prejudice among White Americans of different socioeconomic backgrounds are discussed.

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Race, Adolescent Socioeconomic Status, and Lifetime Non-Medical Use of Prescription Painkillers: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182312289 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (23) ◽

pp. 12289

Author(s):

Amy Ehntholt ◽

Roman Pabayo ◽

Lisa Berkman ◽

Ichiro Kawachi

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Early Life ◽

Family Income ◽

Opioid Overdose ◽

Adult Health ◽

National Longitudinal Study ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Racial Ethnic

The misuse of prescription painkillers is a major contributor to the ongoing drug overdose epidemic. This study investigated variability in non-medical use of prescription painkillers (NMUPP) by race and early-life socioeconomic status (SES) in a sample now at increased risk for opioid overdose. Data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 11,602) were used to calculate prevalence of reported NMUPP by Wave 4 (2008; mean age 28), and to assess variation by race and by equivalized household family income at Wave 1 (1994/5). Predicted values for prevalence of NMUPP were modelled, adjusting for age, sex, parental education, and region. Race and SES in adolescence were associated with later reported NMUPP. A gradient was seen in prevalence by SES (adjusted: family income quartile 1 = 13.3%; quartile 2 = 13.8%; quartile 3 = 14.8%; quartile 4 = 16.0%; trend p-value = 0.007). Prevalence was higher among males. Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence were seen (non-Hispanic white (NHW) = 18.5%; non-Hispanic black (NHB) = 5.8%; Hispanic = 10.5%; Other = 10.0%). SES differences were less pronounced upon stratification, with trend tests significant only among females (p = 0.004), and marginally significant among Hispanic males (p = 0.06). Early-life SES was associated with reported lifetime NMUPP: the higher the family income in adolescence, the greater the likelihood of NMUPP by young adulthood. Variations in NMUPP by income paled in comparison with racial/ethnic differences. Results point to a possible long-enduring association between SES and NMUPP, and a need to examine underlying mechanisms.

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CAN'T BUY ME WHITENESS

Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race ◽

10.1017/s1742058x0808003x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 27-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Jay A. Pearson

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Health Disparities ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Full Range ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

Missed Opportunities ◽

Demographic Groups ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Socioeconomic Status And Health

AbstractA basic tenet of public health is that there is a robust relationship between socioeconomic status and health. Researchers widely accept that persons at average or median levels of socioeconomic status have better health compared to those at lower levels—with a detectable, if diminishing, gradient at even higher levels of socioeconomic status. The research on which this tenet is based, however, focuses largely on Whites, especially on White men. Yet according to the full range of extant findings, the magnitude and in some cases the direction of this relationship vary considerably for other demographic groups.I argue that the failure to clearly qualify study conclusions when they are restricted to the study of Whites impedes our understanding of the varying relationship between socioeconomic status and health for different demographic groups. Such an impediment is particularly harmful when considering health inequalities among populations defined by race and ethnicity. Frameworks and models based on traditional socioeconomic measures may mask heterogeneity, overestimate the benefits of material resources, underestimate psychosocial and physical health costs of resource acquisition for some groups, and overlook the value of alternative sociocultural orientations. These missed opportunities have grave consequences: large racial/ethnic health disparities persist while the health disadvantages of Black Americans continue to grow in key aspects. A new knowledge base is needed if racial/ethnic health disparities are to be eliminated, including new guiding theoretical frameworks, reinterpretations of existing research, and new empirical research. This article aims to initiate discussion on all three dimensions.

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Racial/Ethnic Transition and Hierarchy Among Ascending Neighborhoods

Urban Affairs Review ◽

10.1177/1078087418770810 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 1550-1578 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ann Owens ◽

Jennifer Candipan

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Population Dynamics ◽

Predominantly White ◽

Mixed Race ◽

Community Survey ◽

Ethnic Composition ◽

American Community Survey ◽

Ethnic Population ◽

Racial Ethnic

This article examines the racial/ethnic population dynamics of ascending neighborhoods—those experiencing socioeconomic growth. Drawing on Census and American Community Survey data from 1990 to 2010, we first explore whether changes in racial/ethnic composition occur alongside ascent. We find that, while most neighborhoods’ racial/ethnic composition does not dramatically change during this period, neighborhoods that experienced ascent are much more likely to transition from majority-minority to mixed race or predominantly White than nonascending neighborhoods. Then, we use microdata to analyze whether two potential drivers of ascent, the in-migration of higher-socioeconomic status (SES) households and changes in the fortunes of long-term residents, are racially/ethnically stratified. We argue that the process of neighborhood socioeconomic ascent perpetuates neighborhood racial/ethnic hierarchy. While most Black and Hispanic neighborhoods remain majority-minority, those that ascend are more likely to experience a succession of high-SES White residents replacing minority residents.

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0919 Health Disparities in the Persistence of Childhood Insomnia Symptoms in the Transition to Adolescence: The Penn State Child Cohort

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.915 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A349-A349

Author(s):

E Bourchtein ◽

K Puzino ◽

S L Calhoun ◽

C Criley ◽

F He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Ethnic Minorities ◽

Remission Rate ◽

Self Report ◽

Full Remission ◽

Penn State ◽

State Child ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Insomnia Symptoms

Abstract Introduction A strong body of cross-sectional evidence indicates that social determinants of health (SDH), such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sex/gender, are linked to sleep problems, including insomnia symptoms. Few studies have examined the longitudinal association between SDH and the persistence and remission of insomnia symptoms in the transition between childhood and adolescence, a critical period for sleep health. Methods The Penn State Child Cohort is a random, population-based sample of 700 children (5-12y at baseline), of whom 421 were followed up as adolescents (12-23y at follow-up). All subjects underwent polysomnography, clinical history, physical exam, and parent- and self-reported scales at baseline and follow-up. Childhood insomnia symptoms were defined as a parent- and/or self-report of difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. All subjects or their parents identified the subject’s sex, race, and ethnicity, and reported on socioeconomic status (SES) of the household. Results Females (32.7%) and racial/ethnic minorities (25.0%) were associated with a significantly lower remission rate as compared to males (53.3%) and non-Hispanic whites (48.3%), respectively. Non-Hispanic whites of low SES were associated with a significantly lower full remission rate (26.3%) as compared to non-Hispanic whites of higher SES (42.0%), while racial/ethnic minorities were associated with the lowest full remission rates regardless of whether they were of low (9.1%) or higher (11.1%) SES. Conclusion Our novel data indicate that gender-, racial/ethnic- and socioeconomic-related disparities in insomnia not only occur as early as childhood but are important determinants of insomnia’s chronic course throughout development. Support National Institutes of Health (R01HL136587, R01HL97165, R01HL63772, UL1TR000127)

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Underrepresentation in Gifted Education in the Context of Rurality and Socioeconomic Status

Journal of Advanced Academics ◽

10.1177/1932202x20969143 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1932202X2096914

Author(s):

Jaret Hodges ◽

Marcia Gentry

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Native American ◽

School Districts ◽

Gifted Education ◽

Department Of Education ◽

Important Goal ◽

Florida Department ◽

Level Model ◽

Multi Level ◽

Subsidy Programs

Proportional identification of students for gifted services in Florida school districts is an important goal. A multi-level model was used to analyze school district data from the Florida Department of Education from the 2011–2016 academic years. Results from the study indicate that the likelihood of identification of students varied by their socioeconomic status. Students who were Black were 59% more likely to be identified for gifted services if they participated in federal meal subsidy programs. However, the likelihood of identification for students who are Latinx or Native American decreased by 47% and 38%, respectively, when compared with peers who did not participate in federal meal subsidy programs.

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Racial/ethnic group and socioeconomic status variation in educational and occupational expectations from adolescence to adulthood

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology ◽

10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.029 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 494-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Zena R. Mello

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Occupational Expectations ◽

Racial Ethnic

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Same-Sex Cohabitors and Health

Journal of Health and Social Behavior ◽

10.1177/0022146512468280 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 25-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Hui Liu ◽

Corinne Reczek ◽

Dustin Brown

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Good Health ◽

The United States ◽

Same Sex ◽

Never Married ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Pooled Data ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Variations ◽

Racial Ethnic

A legacy of research finds that marriage is associated with good health. Yet same-sex cohabitors cannot marry in most states in the United States and therefore may not receive the health benefits associated with marriage. We use pooled data from the 1997 to 2009 National Health Interview Surveys to compare the self-rated health of same-sex cohabiting men ( n = 1,659) and same-sex cohabiting women ( n = 1,634) with that of their different-sex married, different-sex cohabiting, and unpartnered divorced, widowed, and never-married counterparts. Results from logistic regression models show that same-sex cohabitors report poorer health than their different-sex married counterparts at the same levels of socioeconomic status. Additionally, same-sex cohabitors report better health than their different-sex cohabiting and single counterparts, but these differences are fully explained by socioeconomic status. Without their socioeconomic advantages, same-sex cohabitors would report similar health to nonmarried groups. Analyses further reveal important racial-ethnic and gender variations.

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