scholarly journals Haptic Lane-Keeping Assistance for Truck Driving: A Test Track Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082092862
Author(s):  
Jeroen Roozendaal ◽  
Emma Johansson ◽  
Joost de Winter ◽  
David Abbink ◽  
Sebastiaan Petermeijer
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Reference Trajectory ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Driver Acceptance ◽  
Lane Keeping ◽  
Haptic Assistance

Objective This study aims to compare the effectiveness and subjective acceptance of three designs for haptic lane-keeping assistance in truck driving. Background Haptic lane-keeping assistance provides steering torques toward a reference trajectory, either continuously or only when exceeding a bandwidth. These approaches have been previously investigated in driving simulators, but it is unclear how these generalize toward real-life truck driving. Method Three haptic lane-keeping algorithms to assist truck drivers were evaluated on a 6.3-km-long oval-shaped test track: (1) a single-bandwidth (SB) algorithm, which activated assistance torques when the predicted lateral deviation from lane center exceeded 0.4 m; (2) a double-bandwidth (DB) algorithm, which activated as SB, but deactivated after returning within 0.15 m lateral deviation; and (3) an algorithm providing assistance torques continuously (Cont) toward the lane center. Fifteen participants drove four trials each, one trial without and one for each haptic assistance design. Furthermore, participants drove with and without a concurrent visually distracting task. Results Compared to unsupported driving, all three assistance systems provided similar safety benefits in terms of decreased absolute lateral position and number of lane departures. Participants reported higher satisfaction and usability for Cont compared to SB. Conclusion The continuous assistance was better accepted than bandwidth assistance, a finding consistent with prior driving simulator research. Research is still needed to investigate the long-term effects of haptic assistance on reliance and after-effects. Application The present results are useful for designers of haptic lane-keeping assistance, as driver acceptance and performance are determinants of reliance and safety, respectively.

Drivers’ Gaze Behaviors are Influenced by Vehicle Position

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1625-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Okafuji ◽  
Takahiro Wada ◽  
Toshihito Sugiura ◽  
Kazuomi Murakami ◽  
Hiroyuki Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Simulated Driving ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Fixation Distance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vehicle Position ◽  
Lane Keeping

Drivers’ gaze behaviors in naturalistic and simulated driving tasks have been investigated for decades. Many studies focus on driving environment to explain a driver’s gaze. However, if there is a great need to use compensatory steering for lane-keeping, drivers could preferentially acquire information directly required for the task. Therefore, we assumed that a driver’s gaze behavior was influenced not only by the environment but also the vehicle position, especially the lateral position. To verify our hypothesis, we carried out a long-time driving simulator experiment, and the gaze behaviors of two participating drivers were analyzed. Results showed that gaze behavior—the fixation distance and the lateral deviation of the fixation—was influenced by the lateral deviation of the vehicle. Consequently, we discussed processes that determined drivers’ gaze behaviors.

Behavioral Adaptations to Lane Keeping Systems: Effects of Exposure and Withdrawal

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika E. Miller ◽  
Linda Ng Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
Lane Keeping

Objective: A driving simulator study was conducted to evaluate the longitudinal effects of an intervention and withdrawal of a lane keeping system on driving performance and cognitive workload. Background: Autonomous vehicle systems are being implemented into the vehicle fleet. However, limited research exists in understanding the carryover effects of long-term exposure. Methods: Forty-eight participants (30 treatment, 18 control) completed eight drives across three separate days in a driving simulator. The treatment group had an intervention and withdrawal of a lane keeping system. Changes in driving performance (standard deviation of lateral position [SDLP] and mean time to collision [TTC]) and cognitive workload (response time and miss rate to a detection response task) were modeled using mixed effects linear and negative binomial regression. Results: Drivers exposed to the lane keeping system had an increase in SDLP after the system was withdrawn relative to their baseline. Drivers with lane keeping had decreased mean TTC during and after system withdrawal compared with manual drivers. There was an increase in cognitive workload when the lane keeping system was withdrawn relative to when the system was engaged. Conclusion: Behavioral adaptations in driving performance and cognitive workload were present during automation and persisted after the automation was withdrawn. Application: The findings of this research emphasize the importance to consider the effects of skill atrophy and misplaced trust due to semi-autonomous vehicle systems. Designers and policymakers can utilize this for system alerts and training.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Sensorimotor Skill Acquisition Utilizing Sensory Substitution: A Driving Simulation Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayako Ueda ◽  
Hiroyuki Sakai ◽  
Takatsune Kumada
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Sensory Substitution ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
Auditory Cueing ◽  
Lane Keeping

AbstractThe aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential of sensory substitution/augmentation (SS/A) techniques for driver assistance systems in a simulated driving environment. Using a group-comparison design, we examined lane-keeping skill acquisition in a driving simulator that can provide information regarding vehicle lateral position by changing the binaural balance of auditory white noise delivered to the driver. Consequently, lane-keeping accuracy was significantly degraded when the lower visual scene (proximal part of the road) was occluded, suggesting it conveyed critical visual information necessary for lane keeping. After 40 minutes of training with auditory cueing of vehicle lateral position, lane-keeping accuracy returned to the baseline (normal driving) level. This indicates that auditory cueing can compensate for the loss of visual information. Taken together, our data suggest that auditory cueing of vehicle lateral position is sufficient for lane-keeping skill acquisition and that SS/A techniques can potentially be used for the development of driver assistance systems, particularly for situations where immediate time-sensitive actions are required in response to rapidly changing sensory information. Although this study is the first to apply SS/A techniques to driver assistance, further studies are however required to establish the generalizability of the findings to real-world settings.

Steering Control in a Low-Cost Driving Simulator: A Case for the Role of Virtual Vehicle Cab

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Mecheri ◽  
Régis Lobjois
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Steering Control ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Left Edge ◽  
Virtual Vehicle ◽  
Driving Stability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lane Keeping

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate steering control in a low-cost driving simulator with and without a virtual vehicle cab. Background: In low-cost simulators, the lack of a vehicle cab denies driver access to vehicle width, which could affect steering control, insofar as locomotor adjustments are known to be based on action-scaled visual judgments of the environment. Method: Two experiments were conducted in which steering control with and without a virtual vehicle cab was investigated in a within-subject design, using cornering and straight-lane-keeping tasks. Results: Driving around curves without vehicle cab information made drivers deviate more from the lane center toward the inner edge in right (virtual cab = 4 ± 19 cm; no cab = 42 ± 28 cm; at the apex of the curve, p < .001) but not in left curves. More lateral deviation from the lane center toward the edge line was also found in driving without the virtual cab on straight roads (virtual cab = 21 ± 28 cm; no cab = 36 ± 27 cm; p < .001), whereas driving stability and presence ratings were not affected. In both experiments, the greater lateral deviation in the no-cab condition led to significantly more time driving off the lane. Conclusion: The findings strongly suggest that without cab information, participants underestimate the distance to the right edge of the car (in contrast to the left edge) and thus vehicle width. This produces considerable differences in the steering trajectory. Application: Providing a virtual vehicle cab must be encouraged for more effectively capturing drivers’ steering control in low-cost simulators.

Effects of Traffic Control Devices on Rural Curve Lateral Position

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110347
Author(s):  
Francesco Galante ◽  
Filomena Mauriello ◽  
Mariano Pernetti ◽  
Maria Rella Riccardi ◽  
Alfonso Montella
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Surrogate Measures

This study investigated, by means of a dynamic driving simulator experiment, road users’ behavior inside the curves of rural two-lane highways related to different advance warning signs, perceptual measures, and delineation treatments. These treatments were intended to warn drivers of the presence of low radius curves and to affect their behavior, improving vehicle control and lane-keeping. Five surrogate measures of safety were used in the evaluation of the design alternatives in relation to lateral position performance: standard deviation of lateral position, maximum encroachment in the shoulder, maximum encroachment in the opposite lane, relative length of shoulder encroachment, and relative length of opposite lane encroachment. Statistical tests were performed to verify whether the surrogate measures of safety were significantly different between alternatives. The analysis was divided into three phases. In the first phase, all the measures were preprocessed, testing normality and homoscedasticity assumptions. In the second phase, the presence of an overall effect considering all the alternatives was evaluated using analysis of variance and the Kruskal–Wallis test. In the third phase, Student’s t- and Mann–Whitney tests were used to assess which alternatives showed statistically significant effects. The results demonstrated that the perceptual measures, namely colored transverse strips, dragon teeth markings, and colored median island, were the most effective treatments. Field tests to establish the perceptual measures’ effectiveness on real roads are strongly advised. Implementation of the measures tested in the driving simulator should be carried out on similar rural highways to validate the results.

Active Shooter Protocols: Perceptions, Preparedness, and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Veronica Worthington ◽  
Matthew Hayes ◽  
Melissa Reeves
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Active Shooter ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Knowledge

The national concern about active shootings has pushed schools to implement intense drills without considering unintended consequences. Studies have found that, although training had the potential to increase preparedness, it also increased anxiety. These findings apply to short-term effects, but there is a lack of empirical research on long-term effects of active shooter drills. The present study investigated whether active shooter training completed in high school impacts current levels of anxiety and preparedness of undergraduates. Collegiate participants (N = 364) completed an online survey and answered questions about their perceived knowledge of protocols, protocol actions, and training methods from high school followed by the same set of questions, this time referring to their current university. Participants then completed an anxiety measure (Spielberger, 1983) and a preparedness measure. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to predict anxiety and preparedness. This study expanded findings on the effects of active shooter training by demonstrating long-term effects for high school training. Evacuation protocols (β = −.13, p = .03; β = .16, p = .007) and perceived knowledge (β = −.16, p = .004; β = .14, p = .01) positively impacted anxiety and preparedness, respectively, of university students. Experiences at the university level had an additional, larger impact on student anxiety, ΔR2 = .11, F(8, 347) = 5.88, p < .001, and preparedness, ΔR2> = .26, F(8, 347) = 17.32, p < .001, which seems to overshadow the effects from high school. This may be problematic because the perceived knowledge that leads to higher feelings of preparedness may not translate into appropriate actions in a real-life situation, potentially risking lives.

Pneumologische Rehabilitation bei ILD: Unmittelbar effektive Verbesserung der Lebensqualität, aber wie sieht es langfristig aus?

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Desiree Faccioli ◽  
Marc Spielmanns
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Success Predictors ◽  
Antifibrotic Therapy ◽  
Arterial Blood

<b>Background and aim:</b> Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD) have been reported. The aim of this large multicenter study was to identify the success predictors of pulmonary rehabilitation in a real-life setting. <b>Methods:</b> Data of 240 in-patients (110 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 106 ILD other than IPF and 24 undetermined ILD) undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation in a 10-year period were retrospectively evaluated. Six minute walking distance (6MWT), body weight-walking distance product tests, dyspnoea and arterial blood gases were assessed at admission and discharge. Differences in post rehabilitation changes in outcome measures as function of baseline characteristics were evaluated. <b>Results:</b>After rehabilitation, patients showed improvements in all outcome measures (p &#x3c; 0.05), regardless of the underlying diagnosis or disease severity. Patients needing oxygen therapy at rest showed reduced benefits. Baseline 6MWD inversely correlated with its changes at discharge. Non-significant greater benefits after rehabilitation were found in IPF patients under antifibrotic therapy. In a subset of 50 patients assessed on average 10.3 ± 3.5 months after discharge, the benefits in 6MWD were not maintained (312.9 ± 139.4, 369.7 ± 122.5 and 310.8 ± 139.6 m at admission, discharge and follow up respectively: <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.0001). <b>Conclusion:</b> Pulmonary rehabilitation may improve dyspnoea, exercise capacity and fatigue in patients with ILD of different aethiologies and level of severity. The long-term effects need to be established.

scholarly journals Video-based smartphone app (‘VIDEA bewegt’) for physical activity support in German adults: a study protocol for a single-armed observational study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e034027
Author(s):  
Tillmann Fischer ◽  
Paul Stumpf ◽  
Gesine Reinhardt ◽  
Peter E H Schwarz ◽  
Patrick Timpel
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Insufficient Physical Activity ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Registration Number

IntroductionInsufficient physical activity is one of the most important risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Physical activity should therefore be intensively promoted in all age groups. Several trials suggest that it can be effectively increased through smartphone interventions.However, few of the smartphone-interventions available on the market have been scientifically evaluated. Therefore, the described study aims to assess the short-term and long-term effects of the smartphone intervention ‘VIDEA bewegt’ to increase physical activity. The trial is designed as a single-armed observational trial to assess effects under real-life conditions.Methods and analysisThe intervention consists of the smartphone-application ‘VIDEA bewegt’, which is a video-based preventative programme to improve physical activity in everyday life. The application contains several features and components including educational videos, documentation of activity and motivational exercises. A sample size of at least 106 participants is aimed for.The primary objective of this study is to determine the effect of the application on physical activity in German adults. Secondary objectives are to evaluate the self-efficacy, health-related quality of life and usability of ‘VIDEA bewegt’.Data collection is based on online questionnaires, as well as system-internal recorded data.Changes of outcomes from baseline to programme completion and follow-up will be calculated.Ethics and disseminationThe Ethics Committee of the Technical University Dresden approved the study on 25 May 2019 (EK 272062019). All data are processed anonymously and stored on servers only accessible by authorised personnel. The results of the study and the results of the usability test are aimed to be published in a scientific journal.Trial registration numberGerman Clinical Trials Registry (DRKS00017392).

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