scholarly journals Does Understanding Behavior Make It Seem Normal?

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Ban ◽  
Yoshi Kashima ◽  
Nick Haslam
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Making Sense

According to recent research, abnormal behavior appears normal to the extent it is understood. Cultural differences in frameworks for making sense of abnormality suggest there may be variations in this “reasoning fallacy.” In light of evidence that people from Western cultures psychologize abnormality to a greater extent than people from East Asian cultures, the effect of understanding on perceptions of abnormality was predicted to differ across cultures. Results of a cross-cultural questionnaire study indicated that understanding made behavior seem normal to European Australians ( n = 51), consistent with the reasoning fallacy. For Singaporeans ( n = 51), however, understanding did not influence the extent to which behavior was normalized and made abnormal behavior more stigmatizing. Cultural variations in the effect of understanding were attributed to the differential salience of deviance frameworks, which are grounded in culturally specific conceptions of the person.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Variations in Extreme Rejecting and Extreme Affirming Response Styles

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 955-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tieyuan Guo ◽  
Roy Spina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Previous research has discussed cultural differences in moderacy vs extremity response styles. The present research found that cultural differences in response styles were more complex than previously speculated. We investigated cross-cultural variations in extreme rejecting versus affirming response biases. Although research has indicated that overall Chinese have less extreme responses than Westerners, the difference may be mainly driven by extreme rejecting responses because respondents consider answering survey questions as a way of interacting with researchers, and extreme rejecting responses may disrupt harmony in relationships, which is valued more in Chinese collectivistic culture than in Western individualistic cultures. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that Chinese had less extreme rejecting response style than did British, whereas they did not differ in extreme affirming response style. Study 2 further revealed that the cross-cultural asymmetry in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles was partially accounted for by individualism orientation at the individual level. Consistently, Study 3 revealed that at the country level, individualism was positively associated with extreme rejecting response style, but was not associated with extreme affirming response style, suggesting that individualism accounted for the asymmetric cultural variation in extreme rejecting versus affirming response styles.

scholarly journals Cultural variations in whether, why, how, and at what cost people are proactive: A followership perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 204138662096052
Author(s):  
Tina Urbach ◽  
Deanne N. Den Hartog ◽  
Doris Fay ◽  
Sharon K. Parker ◽  
Karoline Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Behaviors ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Societal Culture ◽  
Implicit Followership Theories

The objective of this conceptual article is to illustrate how differences in societal culture may affect employees’ proactive work behaviors (PWBs) and to develop a research agenda to guide future research on cross-cultural differences in PWBs. We propose that the societal cultural dimensions of power distance, individualism–collectivism, future orientation, and uncertainty avoidance shape individuals’ implicit followership theories (IFTs). We discuss how these cross-cultural differences in individuals’ IFTs relate to differences in the mean-level of PWB individuals show ( whether), in the motivational states driving individuals’ PWBs ( why), in the way individuals’ enact PWBs ( how), and in the evaluation of PWBs by others ( at what cost). We recommend how future research can extend this theorizing and unpack the proposed cross-cultural differences in PWBs, for example, by exploring how culture and other contextual variables interact to affect PWBs.

scholarly journals NO CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE GETTIER CAR CASE INTUITION: A REPLICATION STUDY OF WEINBERG ET AL. 2001

Episteme ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsun Kim ◽  
Yuan Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

AbstractIn “Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions” (NEI), Weinberg, Nichols and Stich famously argue from empirical data that East Asians and Westerners have different intuitions about Gettier-style cases. We attempted to replicate their study about the Gettier Car Case. Our study used the same methods and case taken verbatim, but sampled an East Asian population 2.5 times greater than NEI's 23 participants. We found no evidence supporting the existence of cross-cultural difference about the intuition concerning the case. Taken together with the failures of both of the existing replication studies (Nagel et al. 2013; Seyedsayamdost 2014), our data provide strong evidence that the purported cross-cultural difference in intuitions about Gettier-style cases does not exist.

A Missing Piece of the Puzzle: The Organizational Context in Cultural Patterns of Creativity

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Yanjie Su
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Organizational Studies ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Similarities And Differences

In this article, we first review cross-cultural research, especially that concerning similarities and differences between East Asian and Western cultures, on creativity using laboratory tasks and tests. On the basis of this review, we then propose some directions for future cross-cultural research on creativity in the workplace. We emphasize the need to theorize why cultural differences make a difference in creativity and directly investigate, rather than assume, effects of contextual factors on creativity. In this regard, two literatures on creativity – cross-cultural studies using laboratory tasks and organizational studies of employee creativity – can benefit tremendously from integration. We also call for more empirical research examining effects of culture on creativity in the workplace, especially in China.

scholarly journals Four Fundamental Distinctions in Conceptions of Wellbeing Across Cultures

2021 ◽  
pp. 675-703
Author(s):  
Mohsen Joshanloo ◽  
Evert Van de Vliert ◽  
Paul E. Jose
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Hedonic Experience ◽  
Empirical Implications

AbstractOne of the key roles of culture is to shape how human groups pursue personal and collective wellbeing, and thus each culture contains prescriptions and customs about how to achieve optimal functioning and wellbeing. This chapter identifies four fundamental differences in the conceptualizations of mental wellbeing across cultures. The identified differences are in the centrality of hedonic experience, self-enhancement, autonomy, and the relevance of contextual factors in determining wellbeing. These overlapping dynamics provide a framework for categorizing and making sense of existing cross-cultural findings on mental wellbeing. The chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical implications of the reviewed cross-cultural findings for international measurements of wellbeing. We argue that various measures of wellbeing may function differently in different global regions, with crucial implications for how countries are ranked based on wellbeing. Our review also highlights the relevance of cross-cultural variations in the concepts of wellbeing for designing interventions and policies and evaluating their effectiveness across cultures.

Teaching Internationally for Internationalization

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Luke Carson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Relativism ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Cultural Competencies ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

This is a case study of a Western (Irish born and educated) university academic working internationally in a Japanese context where internationalization is prioritized. The case study is framed by intercultural and cross-cultural research and theories illustrating and discussing cultural competencies. While Japanese universities have encouraged internationalization for several decades in various forms, in recent years this focus has become more central to their missions. Vignettes from the author's international working experience are provided to highlight culturally specific understandings of best practice in education and avenues and procedures for progress with recommendations for how international educators can understand and navigate similar experiences. While highlighting the importance of respect for cultural differences, this chapter also argues against cultural relativism.

Cultural Differences in Consumer Impatience

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haipeng (Allan) Chen ◽  
Sharon Ng ◽  
Akshay R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Regulatory Focus Theory ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Eastern Cultures ◽  
Focus Theory

In this article, the authors examine cross-cultural variations in how people discount the future. Specifically, they predict that people from Western cultures are relatively less patient and therefore discount the future to a greater degree than do people from Eastern cultures, and thus Westerners value immediate consumption relatively more. Furthermore, on the basis of regulatory focus theory, the authors predict that when Easterners are faced with the threat of a delay in receiving a product (i.e., a prevention loss), they are more impatient, whereas when Westerners are faced with the threat of not being able to enjoy a product early (i.e., a promotion loss), their impatience increases. This enhanced impatience manifests in preference for expedited consumption of a product purchased online in two studies. In both studies, the authors used a priming methodology on “bicultural” Singaporean participants; the results support the predictions. In the second study, they also found evidence in support of the process-based explanation for the interaction between culture and message framing.

Meaning and Methods in the Study and Assessment of Attachment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Gaskins ◽  
Marjorie Beeghly ◽  
Kim A. Bard ◽  
Ariane Gernhardt ◽  
Cindy H. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Attachment Theory ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Universal Functions ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Comparisons

As originally conceived and still practiced today, attachment theory is limited in its ability to recognize and understand cross-cultural variations in human attachment systems, and it is restrictive in its inclusion of cross-species comparisons. This chapter argues that attachment must be reconceived to account for and include cross-cultural and cross-species perspectives. To provide a foundation for rethinking attachment, two universal functions of attachment systems are proposed: they provide (a) socially organized resources for the infant’s protection and psychobiological regulation and (b) a privileged entry point for social learning. Ways of understanding the nature of the cultural and ecological contexts that organize attachment systems are suggested, so that they can be recognized as culturally specific, normative behavior. Culturally valid methods for describing children’s attachment systems are also discussed. In conclusion, a wide range of research strategies are proposed to facilitate the extension and contextual validity of measures of attachment across cultures and species.

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