scholarly journals Oral Health Birth Cohort Studies: Achievements, Challenges, and Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1321-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.G. Peres ◽  
W.M. Thomson ◽  
B.W. Chaffee ◽  
M.A. Peres ◽  
N. Birungi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
International Association ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Changes Over Time

Birth cohorts are those among observational studies that provide understanding of the natural history and causality of diseases since early in life. Discussions during an International Association for Dental Research symposium in London, United Kingdom, in 2018, followed by a workshop in Bangkok, Thailand, in 2019, concluded that there are few birth cohort studies that consider oral health and that a broader discussion on similarities and differences among those studies would be valuable. This article aims to 1) bring together available long-term data of oral health birth cohort studies from the low, middle, and high-income countries worldwide and 2) describe similarities and differences among these studies. This work comprises 15 studies from all 5 continents. The most studied dental conditions and exposures are identified; findings are summarized; and methodological differences and similarities among studies are presented. Methodological strengths and weaknesses are also highlighted. Findings are summarized in 1) the negative impact of detrimental socioeconomic status on oral health changes over time, 2) the role of unfavorable patterns of dental visiting on oral health, 3) associations between general and oral health, 4) nutritional and dietary effects on oral health, and 5) intergenerational influences on oral health. Dental caries and dental visiting patterns have been recorded in all studies. Sources of fluoride exposure have been documented in most of the more recent studies. Despite some methodological differences in the way that the exposures and outcomes were measured, some findings are consistent. Predictive models have been used with caries risk tools, periodontitis occurrence, and permanent dentition orthodontic treatment need. The next steps of the group’s work are as follows: 1) establishing a consortium of oral health birth cohort studies, 2) conducting a scoping review, 3) exploring opportunities for pooled data analyses to answer pressing research questions, and 4) promoting and enabling the development of the next generation of oral health researchers.

Quality of life (QOL) analysis from E3805, chemohormonal androgen ablation randomized trial (CHAARTED) in prostate cancer (PrCa).

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 286-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Patrick-Miller ◽  
Yu-Hui Chen ◽  
Michael Anthony Carducci ◽  
David Cella ◽  
Robert S. DiPaola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Androgen Ablation ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Clinical Trial Information

286 Background: Docetaxel concurrent with androgen deprivation (ADT) for metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) improves overall survival over ADT alone. However, docetaxel as a cytotoxic has an adverse event profile that can diminish QOL. Methods: Patients were randomized to ADT plus 6 cycles of docetaxel every 3 weeks (Arm A, N = 397) or ADT alone (Arm B, N = 393). Validated QOL instruments for PrCa and docetaxel including Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)–Prostate were administered at baseline and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months (mos.) after randomization. Paired t-tests were used to examine QOL changes over time. A mixed effect model compared QOL between arms at each time point (Table). Results: 790 patients were randomized and QOL completed for Arm A and B (91% and 88%, baseline; 87% and 80%, 3 mos.; and 70% and 67%, 12 mos.). Patients in Arm A (ADT + docetaxel) reported -2.7 [Standard Error (SE) 0.9] decline in FACT-P at 3 mos. (p = 0.003), but did not differ significantly from baseline at 12 mos. (-0.7, SE 1.1). In contrast, patients in Arm B (ADT alone), did not differ significantly at 3 mos. [-1.1 (SE: 1.0)], but reported a significant decline [-4.2 (SE: 1.1); p = 0.0001] from baseline to 12 mos. FACT-P scores differed significantly between Arm A and B at 3 mos. (p = 0.02) and 12 mos. (0.04), with Arm A lower at 3 mos. and higher at 12 mos. Conclusions: Docetaxel is associated with decreased QOL on treatment (at 3 mos.) not seen with ADT alone. However, 12 mos. QOL was better for the patients who had docetaxel versus ADT alone, returning to baseline. This suggests that docetaxel + ADT does not confer long-term negative impact on QOL for mHSPC. Clinical trial information: NCT00309985. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Scoping Review of Oral Health-Related Birth Cohort Studies: Toward a Global Consortium

2022 ◽  
pp. 002203452110624
Author(s):  
K.G. Peres ◽  
G.G. Nascimento ◽  
A. Gupta ◽  
A. Singh ◽  
L. Schertel Cassiano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Health Related

The multidisciplinary nature and long duration of birth cohort studies allow investigation of the relationship between general and oral health and indicate the most appropriate stages in life to intervene. To date, the worldwide distribution of oral health-related birth cohort studies (OHRBCSs) has not been mapped, and a synthesis of information on methodological characteristics and outcomes is not available. We mapped published literature on OHRBCSs, describing their oral health-related data and methodological aspects. A 3-step search strategy was adopted to identify published studies using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and OVID databases. Studies with baseline data collection during pregnancy or within the first year of life or linked future oral health data to exposures during either of these 2 life stages were included. Studies examining only mothers' oral health and specific populations were excluded. In total, 1,721 articles were suitable for initial screening of titles and abstracts, and 528 articles were included in the review, identifying 120 unique OHRBCSs from 34 countries in all continents. The review comprised literature from the mid-1940s to the 21st century. Fifty-four percent of the OHRBCSs started from 2000 onward, and 75% of the cohorts were from high-income and only 2 from low-income countries. The participation rate between the baseline and the last oral health follow-up varied between 7% and 93%. Ten cohorts that included interventions were mostly from 2000 and with fewer than 1,000 participants. Seven data-linkage cohorts focused mostly on upstream characteristics and biological aspects. The most frequent clinical assessment was dental caries, widely presented as decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT/dmft). Periodontal conditions were primarily applied as isolated outcomes or as part of a classification system. Socioeconomic classification, ethnicity, and country- or language-specific assessment tools varied across countries. Harmonizing definitions will allow combining data from different studies, adding considerable strength to data analyses; this will be facilitated by forming a global consortium.

scholarly journals Will prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 define a birth cohort with accelerated aging in the century ahead?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Molly Crimmins Easterlin ◽  
Eileen M. Crimmins ◽  
Caleb E. Finch
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
1918 Influenza

Abstract The 1918 Influenza pandemic had long-term impacts on the cohort exposed in utero which experienced earlier adult mortality, and more diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and depression after age 50. It is possible that the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will also have long-term impacts on the cohort that was in utero during the pandemic, from exposure to maternal infection and/or the stress of the pandemic environment. We discuss how COVID-19 disease during pregnancy may affect fetal and postnatal development with adverse impacts on health and aging. Severe maternal infections are associated with an exaggerated inflammatory response, thromboembolic events, and placental vascular malperfusion. We also discuss how in utero exposure to the stress of the pandemic, without maternal infection, may impact health and aging. Several recently initiated birth cohort studies are tracking neonatal health following in utero severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure. We suggest these cohort studies develop plans for longer-term observations of physical, behavioral, and cognitive functions that are markers for accelerated aging, as well as methods to disentangle the effects of maternal infection from stresses of the pandemic environment. In utero exposure to COVID-19 disease could cause developmental difficulties and accelerated aging in the century ahead. This brief review summarizes elements of the developmental origins of health, disease, and ageing and discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic might exacerbate such effects. We conclude with a call for research on the long-term consequences of in utero exposure to maternal infection with COVID-19 and stresses of the pandemic environment.

Accelerated longitudinal comparisons of aggressive versus delinquent syndromes

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE STANGER ◽  
THOMAS M. ACHENBACH ◽  
FRANK C. VERHULST
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Longitudinal Analyses ◽  
Developmental Courses ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Dutch Children

Accelerated longitudinal analyses revealed both similarities and differences between the developmental trajectories of empirically based aggressive versus delinquent syndromes in childhood and adolescence. Syndromes were scored from standardized ratings obtained from parents five times at 2-year intervals for seven birth cohorts of Dutch children initially assessed at ages 4 to 10 years. Scores for both the aggressive and delinquent syndromes declined from ages 4 to 10. After about age 10 years, scores for the aggressive syndrome continued to decline, but scores for the delinquent syndrome increased until about age 17. The aggressive syndrome was significantly more stable than the delinquent syndrome. Long-term predictive correlations between matched subjects from different cohorts were as high as predictive correlations between scores obtained by the same subjects, thus supporting the validity of accelerated longitudinal analyses. The results highlight important developmental distinctions between aggressive versus delinquent conduct problems. Failure to distinguish between aggressive and delinquent conduct problems could generate misleading conclusions about their respective developmental courses and limit the generalizability of results.

scholarly journals Population-Based Birth Cohort Studies in Epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5276
Author(s):  
Cristina Canova ◽  
Anna Cantarutti
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Medical Birth Register ◽  
Cohort Study Design

Birth cohort studies are the most appropriate type of design to determine the causal relationship between potential risk factors during the prenatal or postnatal period and the health status of the newborn up to childhood and potentially adulthood. To date, there has been a growth in interest regarding observational population-based studies which are performed to provide answers to specific research questions for defined populations, for instance, assessing the exposure to environmental pollutants or drugs on the risk of developing a disease. Birth cohorts based on the recruitment and active follow-up of mothers and children allow the collection of biological material, and specific clinical and genetic information. However, they require a considerable amount of time and resources and, besides being usually of limited size, they are exposed to the risk of the loss of subjects to follow-up, with decreased statistical power and possible selection bias. For these reasons, linking the medical birth register with administrative health records for mothers and babies is increasingly being used in countries with a universal healthcare system, allowing researchers to identify large and unselected populations from birth, and to reconstruct relevant traits and care pathways of mothers and newborns. This Special Issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health focuses on the current state of knowledge on perinatal and postnatal exposures and adverse pregnancy, maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes through population-based birth cohort studies, with a specific focus on real-word data. The 12 accepted articles covered a wide range of themes that can be addressed specifically through birth cohort study design; however, only three were based on real word data with record-linkage to health administrative databases. In particular, two papers have addressed the topic of socioeconomic status considering several indicators both at the individual and contextual level. Two papers focused on inflammatory bowel diseases, both as an outcome of perinatal and antibiotic exposure in early life and as a condition associated with asthma, among children identified in a birth cohort based on a Regional Medical Birth Register. Three articles focused on medication use during pregnancy and its impact on maternal and fetal health. The effect of exposure to prenatal environmental risk factors on perinatal and childhood outcomes has been considered in two papers. Two papers analyzed ad hoc nationwide prospective birth cohorts set in Japan and UK. Finally, we included a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the relation between growth restriction at birth and congenital heart defects. We think that this Special Issue may contribute to enriching the discussion of future challenges, opportunities, strengths and limitations for all research topics that can be investigated using a population-based birth cohort study design.

scholarly journals Time trends in nutrient intake and dietary patterns among five birth cohorts of 70-year-olds examined 1971–2016: results from the Gothenburg H70 birth cohort studies, Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Samuelsson ◽  
Elisabet Rothenberg ◽  
Lauren Lissner ◽  
Gabriele Eiben ◽  
Anna Zettergren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Nutrient Density

Abstract Background Nutrition is a key factor in healthy ageing but there are still gaps in knowledge about risk- and protective factors linking diet and healthy ageing. The aim of this study was to investigate time trends in dietary patterns and nutrient intake in an older population, in order to increase the understanding of whether dietary recommendations are followed and if nutrient needs are met. Methods Cross-sectional data was derived from five samples of 70-year-olds examined 1971–72, 1981–83, 1992–93, 2000–02 and 2014–16 from the Gothenburg H70 birth cohort studies in Sweden. A total of 2246 individuals (56% women) participated. Dietary intake was determined by the diet history method, which is an interview including questions on usual frequencies and portion sizes of food intake during the preceding three months. Recommended values of nutrient intake and determinants of healthful dietary patterns were based on the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012. Statistical analyses were performed using general linear models, student’s t-test and chi-square test, stratified by sex. Results The intake of fruits and vegetables, fish and seafood, whole grain products and nuts and seeds increased during the study period (p < 0.0001), among both sexes. However, there was also an increase in alcohol intake (p < 0.0001), especially from wine and beer, and in 2014–16 more than 30% had an alcohol intake above recommendations. Protein intake increased (p < 0.0001 for women and p = 0.0004 for men), and 48% of the women and 37% of the men had a protein intake above recommended 1.2 g/kg body weight and day in 2014–16. The proportion of participants at risk of inadequate intake of vitamins C, D and folate decreased during the study period, among both sexes (p < 0.0001). However, vitamin D intake from diet was still below average requirement level of 7.5 μg/day for 49% of the women and 32% of the men in 2014–16. Conclusions Dietary patterns have changed among 70-year-olds during the past five decades, with an increase in healthful foods and a higher nutrient density in later born birth cohorts. However, the intake of alcohol increased, especially among women. Results from this study can be useful as a basis for dietary guidelines and used for prevention strategies involving older adults in population-based and health care settings.

scholarly journals Pregnancy and birth cohorts in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Iva Šunić ◽  
Natalija Novokmet ◽  
Jelena Šarac ◽  
Dubravka Havaš Auguštin ◽  
Nives Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
General Information ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Expectant Mothers ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

A birth cohort study is a form of study that uses expectant mothers and newborn as research subjects. This form of research is suitable for epidemiological studies, which pregnancy and birth cohort studies generally are. Data is collected in order to identify health consequences and overall health outcomes. The main aim of this paper is to review and summarize all cohort studies that have been carried out or are still being conducted in Europe, as well as general information such as aim of the study, number of participants and duration of follow-up. Gathering information was made easier by websites such as Birthcohorts, CHICOS and LifeCycle, where many of the cohorts and their sources are listed. The remaining data was found by searching Google Scholar, PubMed and similar webpages, using keywords ‘birth and pregnancy cohorts’, ‘infants’, ‘pregnancies’, ‘allergies’ and ‘childhood obesity’. Overall, 137 cohorts in 27 countries were found. They are a great and important source of information and for the most part, concentrate on general health and wellbeing of mothers and children. Collaboration between different birth cohorts is crucial for further harmonization of collected data and their use in the public health systems worldwide

scholarly journals The impact of long-term moderate level of vaccination coverage for epidemiology of varicella in Lu'an, China: should we change immunisation strategy now?

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Qin ◽  
Xiangmei Meng ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Xiaokang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Voluntary Vaccination

Abstract As China implements the voluntary vaccination programme of one-dose of varicella vaccine (VarV) for decades, robust estimates of the impact of voluntary vaccination era on epidemiology of varicella are needed. We estimated the vaccination coverage (VC) of VarV by using surveillance data on immunisation. The descriptive epidemiological method was used to describe the changing epidemiology of varicella from 2007 to 2018. The screening method was used to estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of VarV. The overall VC for VarV was 71.7%, ranged from 47.7% to 79.5% among 2008–2017 birth cohorts. In total, 16 660 varicella cases were reported during 2007–2018, the incidence increased from 10.0 cases per 100 000 population in 2007 to 65.2 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. A shift in age group of varicella was observed since 2012, with the age increased from 5–9 years to 10–14 years. The overall VE was 79.9%, and the VE increased from 60.1% in 2008 birth cohort to 96.2% in 2017 birth cohort. We found that the overall VE for VarV is moderate, but appears highly effective within 5 years after vaccination. In addition, a shift varicella infection to older ages has occurred at the long-term moderate level VC of one-dose VarV. Therefore, to contain the incidence of varicella and prevent any potential shift to older ages, the introduction of VarV into routine immunisation programme is likely needed in Lu'an.

scholarly journals Nutritional impact on Immunological maturation during Childhood in relation to the Environment (NICE): a prospective birth cohort in northern Sweden

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e022013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Barman ◽  
Fiona Murray ◽  
Angelina I Bernardi ◽  
Karin Broberg ◽  
Sven Bölte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Skin Prick Testing ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The North ◽  
Prospective Birth Cohort

IntroductionPrenatal and neonatal environmental factors, such as nutrition, microbes and toxicants, may affect health throughout life. Many diseases, such as allergy and impaired child development, may be programmed already in utero or during early infancy. Birth cohorts are important tools to study associations between early life exposure and disease risk. Here, we describe the study protocol of the prospective birth cohort, ‘Nutritional impact on Immunological maturation during Childhood in relation to the Environment’ (NICE). The primary aim of the NICE cohort is to clarify the effect of key environmental exposures—diet, microbes and environmental toxicants—during pregnancy and early childhood, on the maturation of the infant’s immune system, including initiation of sensitisation and allergy as well as some secondary outcomes: infant growth, obesity, neurological development and oral health.Methods and analysisThe NICE cohort will recruit about 650 families during mid-pregnancy. The principal inclusion criterion will be planned birth at the Sunderby Hospital in the north of Sweden, during 2015–2018. Questionnaires data and biological samples will be collected at 10 time-points, from pregnancy until the children reach 4 years of age. Samples will be collected primarily from mothers and children, and from fathers. Biological samples include blood, urine, placenta, breast milk, meconium, faeces, saliva and hair. Information regarding allergic heredity, diet, socioeconomic status, lifestyle including smoking, siblings, pet ownership, etc will be collected using questionnaires. Sensitisation to common allergens will be assessed by skin prick testing and allergic disease will be diagnosed by a paediatrician at 1 and 4 years of age. At 4 years of age, the children will also be examined regarding growth, neurobehavioural and neurophysiological status and oral health.Ethics and disseminationThe NICE cohort has been approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Umeå, Sweden (2013/18-31M). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and communicated on scientific conferences.

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