Trends in U.S. Population Health: The Central Role of Policies, Politics, and Profits

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-301
Author(s):  
Jennifer Karas Montez ◽  
Mark D. Hayward ◽  
Anna Zajacova
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Health Trends ◽  
Health Trajectories ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Political Economic

Recent trends in U.S. health have been mixed, with improvements among some groups and geographic areas alongside declines among others. Medical sociologists have contributed to the understanding of those disparate trends, although important questions remain. In this article, we review trends since the 1980s in key indicators of U.S. health and weigh evidence from the last decade on their causes. To better understand contemporary trends in health, we propose that commonly used conceptual frameworks, such as social determinants of health, should be strengthened by prominently incorporating commercial, political-economic, and legal determinants. We illustrate how these structural determinants can provide new insights into health trends, using disparate health trajectories across U.S. states as an example. We conclude with suggestions for future research: focusing on structural causes of health trends and inequalities, expanding interdisciplinary perspectives, and integrating methods better equipped to handle the complexity of causal processes driving health trends and inequalities.

Looking Backward, Looking Forward

2019 ◽  
pp. 205-225
Author(s):  
Matt Guardino
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
American Political Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Policy Regime ◽  
American Capitalism ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter summarizes the book’s conclusions and suggests directions for future research. It also explores the book’s broader implications for democracy and the dynamics of political-economic power. The chapter stresses the need for interdisciplinary analyses that employ multiple methods and sources of evidence to better understand the role of media and public opinion in American political development. It also discusses how news coverage may contribute to the durability of key aspects of the broader neoliberal policy regime. It ends by situating the book’s analyses within scholarship on inequalities in political and economic power, arguing that political scientists should recognize the news media’s central institutional role at the intersection of American politics and American capitalism.

scholarly journals Building Sustainable Organizations in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Marquis ◽  
Susan E. Jackson ◽  
Yuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Csr Reporting ◽  
Sustainability Research ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Sustainable Organizations

ABSTRACTAs China shifts its development model from focusing on economic growth at all costs to a model in which economic growth is balanced with solving pressing societal and environmental problems, there is an increasing need for management research on building sustainable organizations in China. This collection of papers focuses attention on the role of business in promoting sustainable economic development, highlighting a number of key processes including: the factors that foster transparency and CSR reporting, how stakeholders can influence corporations to abandon their CSR commitments, the benefits of environmental branding and labeling, and the antecedents and performance consequences of proactive environmental strategies. In this introductory essay we reflect on recent trends in sustainability research in China, and to encourage this important movement, provide recommendations for future research directions.

The Al Khiday Cemetery in Central Sudan and its “Classic/Late Meroitic” Period Graves

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Usai ◽  
Sandro Salvatori ◽  
Tina Jakob ◽  
Romain David
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
Archaeological Sample ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
White Nile ◽  
Political Economic

The first millennium BC in Sudan sees the birth of the Kushite (Napatan and then Meroitic) Kingdom. Royal cities, cemeteries and centres of religious power have attracted archaeologists and historians while peripheral areas have only rarely seen any systematic investigations. This lack of research provides difficulties in interpreting the limited evidence of the Napatan and Meroitic periods located on the White and Blue Niles and limits our comprehension of the role of this region within the political, economic and cultural framework of the kingdom. Recently, a multiphase cemetery was discovered at the site of Al Khiday 2, on the west bank of the White Nile, which was also used by a small group that is thought to be closely related to the Meroitic. The graves excavated have produced a bio-archaeological sample that is presented here with detailed descriptions of the funerary practices, including different types of grave structures, grave goods, burial position and orientation of the inhumations, as well as an overview of the anthropological analysis of this population. These findings are placed within the wider context of Meroitic studies by providing comparisons with contemporaneous sites, highlighting the possible elements of contiguity with that world, as well as providing some reflection on future research directions.

scholarly journals Linking Identity Leadership and Team Performance: The Role of Group-Based Pride and Leader Political Skill

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Hou ◽  
Lynda Jiwen Song ◽  
Guoyang Zheng ◽  
Bei Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Political Skill ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Global Identity ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Recent Trends

Recent trends in the leadership literature have promoted a social identity approach of leadership that views leadership as the process of representing, advancing, creating, and embedding a sense of shared identity within a group. However, a few empirical studies explore how and when global identity leadership affects team performance at the workplace. To address this lacuna, we used multi-source and two-wave data among 81 teams to explore the role of group-based pride and leader political skill in the association between identity leadership and team performance. The results suggest that identity leadership positively predicts team performance through a mediating role of group-based pride. Furthermore, leader political skill moderates the indirect effect of group-based pride such that the effect is stronger when leader political skill is high rather than low. Finally, several theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed, and future research directions are also suggested.

Decolonization in a Digital Age: Cryptocurrencies and Indigenous Self-Determination in Canada

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (01) ◽  
pp. 19-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Alcantara ◽  
Caroline Dick
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
Political Economic

Abstract Indigenous scholars and leaders have long been interested in reducing the role of the Canadian state in their political, economic, and social lives. This paper explores the extent to which digital currencies, such as Bitcoin or MazaCoin, might be used to facilitate Indigenous self-determination, political autonomy, and economic prosperity. Based on our review of the literature, we argue that cryptocurrencies demonstrate some potential for advancing these goals but that there are a number of potential roadblocks as well. Future research should investigate how Indigenous communities might use digital currencies and other related technologies to further their political, economic, and social goals.

scholarly journals Defining Characteristics of Democracy in the 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lenhardt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Civic Space

This report offers a brief overview of the literature on the defining characteristics of democracy in the 21st century. This report seeks to map out a range of conceptual approaches to understanding democracy, evidence on emerging trends in democratisation, and challenges to realising democracy in its varied forms. The report begins with a discussion on definitions of democracy that have emerged in recent decades (Section 2), highlighting a range of qualifiers that are widely used to differentiate and analyse different democratic regime types. Section 3 summarises trends in key indicators of democracy from widely cited observers – The Economist Intelligence Unit and the V-Dem Institute - and recent trends in public opinion towards democracy, according to World Values and Pew Centre surveys. Section 4 gives a very brief overview of three leading challenges to democracy discussed widely in the literature – gender inequality; the role of media and social media; and declining quality of elections, freedom of expression and civic space.

scholarly journals Values crisis and the role of basic stage social and national textbooks in facing it from the Jordanian teachers point of view: أزمة القيم ودور كتب التربية الاجتماعية والوطنية للمرحلة الأساسية في مواجهتها من وجهة نظر المعلمين بالأردن

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Mohammad Khalaf Al- Hazaime, Ibrahim Abdulqadir Al- Qa
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Basic Stage ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Aesthetic Values

The aim of the study was to identify the role of basic stage national and social education textbooks in facing values crisis in Jordan. To achieve the aim of the study، the researchers developed a questionnaire as the validity and reliability of this questionnaire was established. The sample of the study consisted of (97) teachers selected using stratified random sampling from Qasabet Irbid Educational Directorate. The results of the study indicated low and moderate levels of religious، social، national، political، economic and aesthetic values inclusion in basic stage national and social education textbooks. The study recommended that there is a need for future research examining the values crisis and the role of school textbooks in facing them.

scholarly journals The Trump Divide and Partisan Attitudes Regarding US Foreign Policy: Select Theoretical and Empirical Observations

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shah M. Tarzi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
American President ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Internal Coherence

This article presents select data, recent trends and empirical analysis concerning American voters’ attitudes on American foreign policy in the Trump era. Accordingly, it addresses several vital questions: (a) whether and to what extent Trump Republicans hold views that are distinct from non-Trump Republicans and from average US voters?; (b) how widespread is support for President Trump’s foreign policy?; and (c) whether partisanship has intensified? Importantly, the study deduces preliminary theoretical observations and highlights select new pathways for future research. The key findings of the article are: (a) Trump supporters hold distinct views from the general public; (b) President Trump’s positions are not popular; (c) partisanship has intensified under Trump; (d) on the broad contours of American foreign policy, the American public, including the non-Trump Republicans, express noteworthy continuity, stability and support in spite of a deeply polarizing American president. The article offers select theoretical insights, including recognition of the role of core value in ordering belief systems, thereby offering a modicum of internal coherence, stability and structure to foreign policy views of American mass public, thus transcending the traditional Almond–Lippmann theoretical consensus regarding the content of American public opinion.

Occupation and Gender

2017 ◽  
pp. 424-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Cortes ◽  
Jessica Pan
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Job Attributes ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Occupational Work ◽  
And Gender

Occupational differences by gender remain a common feature of labor markets. This chapter begins by documenting recent trends in occupational segregation and its implications. It then reviews recent empirical research, focusing on new classes of explanations that emphasize the role of gender differences in psychological traits, preferences for nonpecuniary (family-friendly) job characteristics, personality traits, and skills. Using detailed data on occupational work content from O*NET linked to the American Community Survey (ACS), the chapter examines how the various job attributes identified in the literature affect men’s and women’s occupational choices and the gender wage gap. Finally, the chapter considers the role of gender identity and social norms in shaping occupational choice and preferences for various job attributes. It concludes with policy implications and suggestions for future research.

Financialization of Everyday Life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Lai
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter identifies three key research themes for investigating the financialization of everyday life, whereby individual subjectivity, aspiration, and forms of conduct at the level of individuals and households are increasingly tied to financial structures and logics. The first theme analyses how new intermediaries of finance have increased the influence and pervasiveness of financial instruments and solutions in everyday life. The second examines the discourse of risk taking and self-management that has shaped the formation of financial subjects. The third concerns the role of the state in financialization and considers whether it is a distant or reactionary agent in ‘context’ or a strategic actor who mobilizes financialization scripts for political–economic purposes. A research agenda is put forward that highlights the household as a key site from which to explore the constructions and practices of financialization and proposes specific areas for future research.

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