Toward a Formal Theory of Transactions and Transvections

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wroe Alderson ◽  
Miles W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Formal Theory ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
System Behavior ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Formal Theories

This article presents the initial steps in the formalization of a partial theory of marketing. The partial theory pertains to the movement of goods and information through marketing channels, and the theory utilizes two basic concepts of marketing system behavior, namely, transactions and transvections. Current approaches to the problem of constructing formal theories are compared and reasons are given for choosing the “molar” approach.

scholarly journals Rice marketing system, profitability and middlemen’s role in two districts of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Siddiquee ◽  
HM Sammy ◽  
MR Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
Marketing Margins

The study attempts to identify the rice marketing channels, market actors and their marketing functions in Bogura and Gaibandha districts in Bangladesh. The paper also examines the rice marketing cost and margin and highlight major obstacles of market actors. Primary data were collected from 25 middlemen by using pretested semi-structured interview schedule in 2017. Rice millers, wholesalers and retailers were the major market’s actors in the study areas. Most of the rice millers buy paddy directly from the farmers by using their agent. After processing rice, rice millers sell rice to the wholesalers, and retailers. Rice millers marketing costs were higher in the Bogura district (Tk.569.8/40kg) than Gaibandha district (Tk.526.0/40kg). However, retailers’ marketing costs were higher in Gaibandha district (Tk.43.0/40kg) than Bogura district (Tk.39.1/40kg). Among all intermediaries, marketing margins was highest for rice millers which were Tk. 227.5/40kg. Middlemen have no sufficient capital for investment. Therefore, Government, Non Government Organizations and other institutional credit should be available to them at the reasonable interest rate. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 567–573, 2019

scholarly journals ANALISIS TATANIAGA KOPRA DI DESA BALOBONE KECAMATAN MAWASANGKA KABUPATEN BUTON TENGAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Waode Alzarliani
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Channel Pattern ◽  
Channel Patterns ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Marketing Margins

This research was conducted in Balobone Village, Mawasangka Sub-district, Central Buton Regency. Coconut farmers in Balobone village have problems, in addition to the low quality of copra as well as price fluctuations in a short time often occur in copra marketing so that it affects the marketing efficiency that is formed. For this reason, a comprehensive assessment of the most efficient copra marketing system needs to be carried out, so that it can provide a proportional income contribution for farmers. The objectives of this study are: (1) Knowing copra marketing channels in Balobone Village; (2) Knowing the number of costs, margins and profits received by each marketing institution involved in copra marketing in Balobone Village; (3) Analyzing copra market performance in Balobone Village through analysis of marketing margins and producer share. The sampling procedure is carried out in an institutional approach with a snowball sampling method with the amount adjusted to field conditions and research analysis needs. Marketing channel analysis is done descriptively qualitatively to see the pattern of marketing channels formed during the copra drainage process from producer farmers to exporter traders. The conclusions of the research are (1) Farmers in marketing copra produced through 2 patterns of marketing channels, namely: a. The pattern I Marketing Channels: Inter-island Traders Surabaya Big Surabaya Traders. (2) The result of Analysis of Marketing Margin 1 received by traders shows that the marketing margin of the village collecting trader is IDR 600/Kg, costs IDR 350/Kg, Profits IDR 250/Kg, while the marketing margin of the big traders in Baubau Town is IDR 3,700/kg, with the cost IDR 1,354.5/kg, the profit received is IDR 2,543.5 / kg. Pattern 2 marketing margin received by inter-island traders is IDR 4,300, with a total cost of IDR 1,354.5/Kg, with a profit of IDR 2,945.5/Kg; (3) The percentage of the price received by farmers from each of the marketing channels I patterns is 53% and the marketing channel pattern 2 is 53. Thus, the copra marketing system of the 2 marketing channel patterns formed in Balobone Village is efficient. Farmers, Village Traders, Large Village Traders, Large Traders I (Exporters); (b) Marketing Channel Pattern II: Farmers.   Keywords: Copra, marketing margins, marketing channels

scholarly journals EFISIENSI PEMASARAN BAWANG MERAH (KASUS: KABUPATEN BREBES, PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivony Annisa ◽  
Ratna Winandi Asmarantaka ◽  
Rita Nurmalina
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Price Efficiency

Abstract. This study aims to analyze the operational efficiency (marketing margin, farmer’s share, profit ratio) and the price efficiency in Brebes Regency. Quatitative data processing used to analyze marketing margin, farmer’s share, the ratio of benefits to costs by using Microsoft Excel 2016 while market integration alaysis used Eviews 9. Qualitative data processing used to analyze marketing channels and marketing istitutions. The research results showed that there are seven types of marketing channels in the marketing system of shallot in Brebes Regency. Analysis of operational efficiency showed marketing channel that relative efficient were channel 6 (farmerdistrict assembler-regency assembler-outside the province wholesaler). Analysis of price efficiency showed that the shallot markets were integrated in short term.

scholarly journals Mango marketing system in selected areas of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Matin ◽  
MA Baset ◽  
QM Alam ◽  
MR Karim ◽  
MR Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Marketing Efficiency

This study was carried out to identify the most efficient and suitable marketing channels of mango in some selected areas of Bangladesh by using primary data collected randomly from 90 farmers and 55 traders. Out of 55 traders, 15 were Bairals, 15 were Beparis. 9 Aratdar (local), 6 Aratdar (urban), 10 Retailers (both local and urban). According to the volume of mango handled and longevity or participation of the intermediaries in the channel, five major channels were identified as dominant in the study areas. The channel Farmer Bairal- Bepari-Aratdar (Dhaka)-Retailer (Dhaka)-Consumer ranked first. The results showed that channel V, Farmer-Retailer Consumer, possesses the highest marketing efficiency followed by channel IV, III, and II. The performance indicators revealed that the channel I and channel II were not relatively efficient in the mango producing regions. Unstable price of mango was the first rank problem in the study area. Establishment of mango processing plant in the intensive growing areas may be the remedy of the problem, which will ensure fair prices for the farmer. Key Words: Mango marketing, channels, problem. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1602 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(3) : 427-438, September 2008

Value Chain Analysis and Marketing Performance of Vegetable Subsector: A Case of Sindupalchowk District, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-458
Author(s):  
Manoj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Value Chain Analysis ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Marketing Performance ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Market Channel

This study assessed value chain and marketing performance of vegetable subsector of Sindupalchowk district, Nepal with the objectives of identifying the value chain actors and their roles, analyzing the market channel and identifying the problems related to production and marketing system The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected from 84 households that were selected purposive proportionately. The study showed major vegetable value chain actors as input suppliers, producers, bulk traders, retailers, wholesalers and consumers. The total amount of vegetable production was 29.73 tons with productivity of 7.2 tons/ha transacting 17.92 tons of vegetables through four marketing channels. The channel transacting the vegetables to consumers directly by producers was found to be dominant in terms of volume of vegetable which represented 71.75% of total vegetable supplied by farmers (12.86 tons). The bulk traders supplied 18.97 % of vegetables to Kathmandu and 8.77% to consumers of Sindupalchowk district through retailers. The wholesalers were of least volume transacting actor to consumers through retailers (0.51%). The study suggests that Government of Nepal should focus on development of marketing infrastructures to provide equitable market sharing to actors. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(4): 453-458

THE ARITHMETIC OF THE EVEN AND THE ODD

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR PAMBUCCIAN
Keyword(s):  
Formal Theory ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Formal Theories

AbstractWe present several formal theories for the arithmetic of the even and the odd, show that the irrationality of $\sqrt 2$ can be proved in one of them, that the proof must involve contradiction, and prove that the irrationality of $\sqrt {17}$ cannot be proved inside any formal theory of the even and the odd.

scholarly journals Efisiensi Pemasaran Sapi Potong di Kecamatan Takisung Kabupaten Tanah Laut Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Yusuf Azis ◽  
Ibnu Husin
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Marketing Efficiency ◽  
Marketing Margins

Takisung District is one of the centers for beef cattle in Tanah Laut Regency. In creating an efficient and profitable marketing system for both farmers and consumers, farmers must choose short marketing channels. This study aims to identify the shape of the beef cattle marketing channel, determine the costs, benefits, margins, and farmer's share, and the marketing efficiency received by beef cattle producers. This research was conducted in Takisung District, Tanah Laut Regency. The sample villages were chosen deliberately, namely the three villages with the highest number of farmers (Source Makmur Village, Takisung Village, and Gunung Makmur Village). The sample of farmer respondents in each village was chosen randomly in proportion, with a total sample of 30 farmers. To select local traders and cutting traders, the snowball sampling method was used. The study was conducted from March to May 2020. The results showed that there were 4 forms of beef cattle marketing channels, namely Channel I (breeders – consumers), Channel II (breeders – slaughterers-consumers), Channel III (breeders – local traders – consumers), and Channel IV (breeders – local traders – slaughterers – consumers). Furthermore, costs, profits, margins, and farmer's share per head of cattle as well as marketing efficiency for each marketing channel, namely channel 1 with costs, profits, and marketing margins of Rp.0 and farmer's share get 100% results. Channel 2 with a cost of Rp. 570,000, a profit of Rp. 4,950,000 and a margin of Rp. 5,520,000 and a farmer's share with a yield of 73.74%. Furthermore, channel 3 with a cost of Rp.243,000, a profit of Rp.457,000, and a margin of Rp.700,000, and farmer's share obtained a yield of 95.39%. Finally, channel 4 with a cost of Rp. 1,766,000, a profit of Rp. 5,124,000 and a margin of Rp. 5,920,000 and farmer's share getting 71.84% results. Economically, beef cattle marketing can be said to be relatively efficient in all marketing channels. The most efficient marketing channels are channel 1 and channel 3.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PEMASARAN KOPI DI KECAMATAN BERMANI ULU RAYA KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Sri Sugiarti
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Marketing Efficiency ◽  
Coffee Market

The objectives of the research are to study coffee marketing system and to analyze marketing margin in Bermani Ulu Raya district. From these objectives, marketing structure and market behaviorthat reflect a coffee marketing efficiency in Bermani Ulu Raya district can be examined. The result showed that coffee marketing system in the Bermani Ulu Raya is inefficient as indicated by small share margin at frm level and big share marketing margin at following marketing channels. The research also showed that coffee market can be categorized as olygopsonistic market especially wholesaler level.Key words : Coffee, Marketing, Margin

scholarly journals Struktur, Perilaku dan Kinerja Pemasaran Ikan Cakalang di Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
Fauji Yamin ◽  
Anna Fariyanti ◽  
Siti Jahroh
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Skipjack Tuna ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
The South ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Fish Marketing

Skipjack tuna is the result of the main capture fisheries in the South Halmahera district which experienced significant growth of 4,2 percent during the 2016-2018 period, but increased production experienced constraints in the marketing system and caused income uncertainty for fishermen and traders. The purpose of this study was to determine the marketing system of skipjack tuna in the South Halmahera Regency using a structural, behavioural, and performance (SCP) approach. The sampling method uses snowball sampling which started with 68 fishermen. The results showed that the market structure formed was an oligopsonistic market structure and there was a barrier to market entry of 14 percent. Meanwhile, market behaviour shows that fishermen only act as price takers. Based on the marketing margin analysis, there are 10 (ten) skipjack fish marketing channels. Judging from the value of large skipjack fish, marketing channel 7 has the highest margin value of 70,4 percent and the lowest is channel 8 of 53,9 percent. Meanwhile, the marketing channel of small fish the highest margin value is marketing channel 9 of 73,9 and the lowest is channel 9 of 65,1 percent. While the value of farmer share, channel 1 has the highest value of 70 percent and the lowest is channel 7 of 36 percent. Overall, skipjack tuna marketing channels have not been efficient.

scholarly journals Marketing Channels, Marketing Margins, Costs and Price Spreads: A Case Study of Bathinda District of Punjab

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parveen Rani ◽  
Shakuntla Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Marketing Margins

<div><p><em>The present study is carried out with the objective of studying </em><em>the marketing channels because farmers producing agricultural produce are scattered in remote villages while consumers are in semi-urban and urban areas. This produce has to reach consumers for its final use and consumption. There are different agencies and functionaries through which produce passes and reach the consumer. Therefore, it is important to study the various functionaries involved in the marketing of cotton crop. Besides, it is important to analyze the costs associated with the services rendered by the market functionaries, marketing margins and price spreads in the marketing of cotton. Such studies are useful for both the producers/sellers and the buyers/consumers because the former are interested in getting the highest price for their produce while the latter are interested in paying as low a price as possible. The present research paper provides some guidelines to the policy makers about the need of efficient marketing system. </em></p></div>

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