The practice and study of civil resistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Schock
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nonviolent Resistance ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Cross Fertilization

This article provides an overview of the practice and study of civil resistance. First, historical roots of modern civil resistance are discussed, including the emergence in the 19th century of mass-based campaigns of non-cooperation to promote nationalist and labor interests, as well as the significance of Mohandas Gandhi and the widespread use of nonviolent resistance in the 20th century. Second, perspectives of scholars of social movements and revolution are compared with those of scholars who focus more specifically on nonviolent resistance. Despite studying much of the same phenomena, separate literatures have developed that are ripe for cross-fertilization and synthesis. In the third section, a literature review is organized around three key concepts for understanding civil resistance: mobilization, resilience, and leverage. Fourth, consequences of nonviolent resistance relative to violent resistance are discussed. Finally, areas for future research are identified.

scholarly journals Su alcuni metodi applicati a grammatiche di italiano per polacchi tra il XIX e il XX secolo

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
Luca Palmarini
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

On some methods applied to Italian grammars for Poles between the 19th and 20th centuries The article aims to compare and analyse Italian grammars and manuals for Polish users published between the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose is to observe the general trends on the methods proposed, the changes taking place and the possible influences on teaching of Western languages as foreign languages in a historical moment when after the Third Partition Poland had ceased to exist as a sovereign state.

Photography in Indonesian Archaeology of the 19th to the Early 20th Century | Fotografi dalam Arkeologi Indonesia pada Abad ke-19 sampai Awal Abad ke-20 Masehi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Photographic Documentation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

In Dutch East India, photographic documentation for antiquities was as up-to-date as in Europe that was developed in the last half of the 19th century. Photography became a tool for archaeological surveys which resulted in thousands of enormous resources. In this paper, the historical background regarding how these old photographs were collected and how the material circulated within archaeological activities will be elaborated. The timeline studied is limited to pre-independence Indonesia with the subject mostly focused on Hindu-Buddhist remains. The method used is literature review of both relevant new publications as well as significant old publications. Its turns out that photographic surveys of archaeology in Indonesia during the colonial period developed from early archaeological activities into systematic institutional programs. The qualities of photography were appreciated in miscellaneous application and offered substantial benefits. Photography became a documentation medium, publication complementary, archive, and object representation and substitution. This historical background of photography in the context of Indonesian archaeology marks the significant value of these photographs so that it can be the foundation of preservation for the future. Di Hindia Belanda, dokumentasi fotografis pada tinggalan purbakala sangat mutakhir sebagaimana di Eropa yang dikembangkan sejak paruh terakhir abad ke-19 M. Fotografi menjadi perangkat untuk survei arkeologi yang menghasilkan ribuan sumber daya. Dalam tulisan ini, latar belakang sejarah terkait pengumpulan foto lama tersebut serta penggunaannya dalam berbagai aktifitas arkeologi akan dijabarkan. Lini masa yang dikaji dibatasi pada Indonesia pra-kemerdekaan dengan subjek yang berfokus pada tinggalan Hindu-Buddhis. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian pustaka, baik terbitan terbaru yang relevan maupun terbitan lama yang penting. Ternyata survei fotografi pada arkeologi Indonesia selama periode kolonial berkembang sejak aktifitas arkeologis yang masih dini hingga menjadi program institusi yang sistematis. Kualitas fotografi juga diapresiasi dalam beragam penerapan serta menawarkan manfaat yang substansial, Fotografi menjadi media dokumentasi, pelengkap publikasi, arsip, serta representasi dan substitusi objek. Latar belakang sejarah fotografi dalam konteks arkeologi Indonesia semacam ini menjadikan nilai penting dari foto-foto tersebut sehingga dapat dijadikan fondasi dalam pelestarian untuk masa depan.

scholarly journals Zwermen mensen en véél water – Tsjechen over het Nederlandse landschap

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Wilken Engelbrecht
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Karel Capek ◽  
The 19Th Century

Swarms of people and lots of water – Czech people on the Dutch landscapeThe paper concerns the image of Dutch scenery in several travel messages of Czech people from the 17th through the 20th centuries. The paper starts with the presentation of two diaries written in the 17th century by the Counts Sternberg and the Protestant Hartmann. One of the first real Czech tourists of the 19th century Josef Štolba is the third author discussed in this study. Then, the paper focuses on the better-known writer Karel Čapek and ends with the discussion of two 20th-century travellers. The paper aims to show which elements are constant in the Czech picture of the Dutch landscape throughout the centuries.

First approaches to an underexplored dialect region: Trudgill’s Upper Southwest

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-159
Author(s):  
Esther Asprey ◽  
Ella Jeffries ◽  
Eleftherios Kailoglou
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Although dialectology in England received two major boosts at the end of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th century (Ellis 1889 and Orton & Barry 1956-8), discussion of dialect change since that time has avoided discussion of many areas, concentrated as it was in those Universities with a tradition of dialectology (Essex, Leeds, Sheffield, Newcastle). Though many areas have since been re-examined in England; notably Bristol dialect (Blaxter & Coates 2019), Newcastle dialect (Milroy 1994, Milroy et al. 1999) Sunderland dialect (Burbano-Elizondo 2007), and Manchester dialect (Baranowski & Turton 2015, Bermúdez-Otero et al. 2015) there remain many areas which were never fully explored at the time of the Survey of English Dialects (Birmingham as an urban area for example was completely bypassed by that survey), as well as many areas which remain little known and studied. This paper brings together what is known about the dialects of the Upper Southwest and suggests pointers for directions in future research there based on the data from Worcestershire and Herefordshire that we discuss.

scholarly journals Formy ochrony dokumentacji nieurzędowej w Archiwum Państwowym w Szczecinie (Staatsarchiv Stettin) w XIX i w pierwszej połowie XX w.

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Maciej Szukała
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Overview ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The 19Th Century

W Archiwum Państwowym w Szczecinie (Staatsarchiv Stettin) dopiero od II połowy XIX w. następuje się stopniowe przejmowanie w depozyt części zasobu archiwów miejskich i kościelnych jak i spuścizn i akt z archiwów rodowych. Celem całościowego oglądu sytuacji zaistniała konieczność wykonania inwentaryzacji zasobu pomorskich archiwów niepaństwowych. W tym działaniu pomocna okazała się Komisja Historyczna Pomorza (Historische Kommission für Pommern) która była ściśle powiązana z archiwum państwowym. W okresie trzydziestu lat działalności komisji od 1910 r. dokonano spisu zasobu archiwów prywatnych z kilkunastu powiatów pomorskich. W latach 30-tych i na początku 40-tych XX wieku archiwum w Szczecinie udało się przejąć niektóre archiwa rodowe znanych rodzin pomorskich. Wiązało się to z ogólną polityką państwa III Rzeszy, w którym zintensyfikowano badania rodowe (Sippenforschung) mające podłoże rasowe na skalę dotychczas nieznaną. Forms of protecting unofficial documents in the National Archive in Szczecin (Staatsarchiv Stettin) in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century Only from as late as the second half of the 19th century, the National Archive in Szczecin gradually took over (in the form of deposit) a part of municipal and church archives, as well as legacies and files from family archives. It was necessary to catalog the collection of Pomerania’s non-national archives in order to have a general overview of the situation. The Pomeranian Historical Commission (Historische Kommission für Pommern), closely related to the national archives, turned out to be particularly helpful in this endeavor. From 1910, for the next thirty years, it was possible to catalog private archives from a dozen or so Pomeranian districts. In the 1930s and the 1940s, the archives in Szczecin managed to take over family archives of some prominent Pomeranian families. This was related to the general policy of the Third Reich where raciallybased genealogy research (Sippenforschung) was conducted to an extent unknown before.

scholarly journals Stocking the shop: Nineteenth-Century flower buying

1970 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
James DelPrince
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
The Third ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

In the third quarter of the 19th century, urban florists purchased a wide variety of cut flowers for resale. Roses and carnations were staples, and the season dictated market availability. In London, the expansion of Covent Garden in 1870 facilitated the importation of flowers from all over Europe. New York florists began to purchase flowers through wholesalers who carried stock grown in state and nearby, which was transported by train to the city and distributed to approximately 200 florist shops at the turn of the 20th century.

scholarly journals KEY CONCEPTS OF SERBIAN RULERS ON THE ISSUE OF THE ALLIANCE OF THE BALKAN STATES AND PEOPLES FROM 1860 TO 1912

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
DRAGAN ĐUKANOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
The 19Th Century

Since the middle of the 19th century, ideas related to the mutual rapprochement of the Balkan states and the creation of their broader associations have appeared within the ruling circles in Serbia. In that sense, the author analyzes the concepts of the Balkan unions of the rulers from the Serbian dynasty Obrenović (Prince Mihailo, King Milan and King Aleksandar), as well as King Petar I Karađorđević starting from 1860 to 1912. These concepts of the Balkan alliance, whether they were autochthonous or otherwise the result of the influence of the leading political factors of the then European order, did not have a significant foothold in the then public of Serbia. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of a transient inclusive Balkan alliance aiming to liberate certain parts of the Balkans from the Ottoman Empire prevailed, and after its success in 1912, it was modified by the abandonment of Bulgaria. Also, despite the undoubtedly unfavorable international influences and the aspiration of the Balkan states to round up their ethnic territories, there was no genuine possibility to realize the concept of Balkan interstate solidarity during the second half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals PUBLICITY TILE PANELS IN PORTUGAL: A SINGULARITY WITHIN IDENTITY

ARTis ON ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Cristina Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Artistic Identity ◽  
Tile Production ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
The Third ◽  
Artistic Styles ◽  
The 19Th Century

In mid-19th century when tiles turn to the outside of the buildings, covering façades, a singularity in tile production came to light: their use as advertising or publicity support. From the third quarter of the 19th century on, very simple signs made of tiles start to inform about products, shops, workshops or services. Since then, until mid-20th century, this sort of production never stopped, being able to update itself to new artistic styles following graphic arts and publicity concepts evolution. Work of unknown artists as well as of consecrated painters and designers, it evolved from the simple lettering to the most exuberant colourful figurative representations. Despite its decline from mid-20th century, this sort of panels never completely disappeared and continued to be produced until nowadays. The present article aims to analyse the publicity panels, a singular tile production scattered all over the country, relating them to the Portuguese artistic identity.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

The Concept of “Zemsky Sobor” in the Interpretation of State Authority in Russia of the 19th Century: From Karamzin to Stepnyak-Kravchinsky

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Badalyan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
State Authority ◽  
The 19Th Century

“Zemsky Sobor” was one of the key concepts in Russian political discourse in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. It can be traced to the notion well-known already since the 17th century. Still in the course of further evolution it received various mew meaning and connotations in the discourse of different political trends. The author of the article examines various stages of this concept configuring in the works of the Decembrists, especially Slavophiles, and then in the political projects and publications of the socialists, liberals and “aristocratic” opposition.

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