International support networks and the calculus of uprising

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-647
Author(s):  
Jaime A Jackson ◽  
Belgin San-Akca ◽  
Zeev Maoz
Keyword(s):  
Support Networks ◽  
External Support ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Strategic Factors ◽  
Target States ◽  
Cultural Affinity ◽  
Opposition Group ◽  
Analyze Data

How does the anticipation of external support for both opposition groups and governments affect the likelihood and form (violent vs. nonviolent) of uprising within states? We develop a novel approach to address these issues, building on a network perspective. Our model suggests that both opposition groups and governments’ strategies are affected by an anticipation of the degree and nature of expected support by external parties (states and non-state actors). Using a set of indicators – including cultural affinity, strategic factors, and normative values – we develop a unique measure of anticipated support based on the potential support networks of target states and their opposition in order to evaluate our hypotheses. We argue that the anticipated balance of support for opposition and governments affects: (a) the likelihood of uprising and (b) the principal – violent or nonviolent – strategy used by the opposition group. We analyze data on violent and nonviolent civil conflicts over the period 1946–2010. We find that when the balance of anticipated support favors the opposition over their target government, the onset of an uprising is more likely. Specifically, the type of anticipated support has implications for whether a violent or nonviolent uprising occurs. These findings provide new insights into the role external support can play even before conflict occurs.

scholarly journals Beyond non-integer Hill coefficients: A novel approach to analyzing binding data, applied to Na+-driven transporters

2015 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Ravera ◽  
Matthias Quick ◽  
Juan P. Nicola ◽  
Nancy Carrasco ◽  
L. Mario Amzel
Keyword(s):  
Hill Equation ◽  
Integer Coefficient ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Hill Coefficients ◽  
Integer Exponent ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Analyze Data

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic Na+-driven transporters couple the movement of one or more Na+ ions down their electrochemical gradient to the active transport of a variety of solutes. When more than one Na+ is involved, Na+-binding data are usually analyzed using the Hill equation with a non-integer exponent n. The results of this analysis are an overall Kd-like constant equal to the concentration of ligand that produces half saturation and n, a measure of cooperativity. This information is usually insufficient to provide the basis for mechanistic models. In the case of transport using two Na+ ions, an n < 2 indicates that molecules with only one of the two sites occupied are present at low saturation. Here, we propose a new way of analyzing Na+-binding data for the case of two Na+ ions that, by taking into account binding to individual sites, provides far more information than can be obtained by using the Hill equation with a non-integer coefficient: it yields pairs of possible values for the Na+ affinities of the individual sites that can only vary within narrowly bounded ranges. To illustrate the advantages of the method, we present experimental scintillation proximity assay (SPA) data on binding of Na+ to the Na+/I− symporter (NIS). SPA is a method widely used to study the binding of Na+ to Na+-driven transporters. NIS is the key plasma membrane protein that mediates active I− transport in the thyroid gland, the first step in the biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones, of which iodine is an essential constituent. NIS activity is electrogenic, with a 2:1 Na+/I− transport stoichiometry. The formalism proposed here is general and can be used to analyze data on other proteins with two binding sites for the same substrate.

Enhancement of a Fault Measure for AMSs Using Probabilistic Timed Automata

2011 ◽  
Vol 317-319 ◽  
pp. 681-684
Author(s):  
Yi Sheng Huang ◽  
Ho Shan Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Timed Automata ◽  
Probabilistic Automata ◽  
Discrete Probability ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Reasoning Strategy ◽  
Real Value ◽  
Target States ◽  
Probabilistic Timed Automata

A novel approach for probabilistic timed structure that is based on combining the formalisms of timed automata and probabilistic automata representation of the system is proposed. Due to their real-valued clocks can measure the passage of time and transitions can be probabilistic such that it can be expressed as a discrete probability distribution on the set of target states. The usage of clock variables and the specification of state space are illustrated with real value time applications. The transitions between states are probabilistic by events which describe either the occurrence of faults or normal working conditions. Additionally, the passage of discrete time and transitions can be probabilistic by mean of the theory of expectation sets to obtain a unified measure reasoning strategy.

scholarly journals Interstate rivals’ intervention in third-party civil wars: The comparative case of Saudi Arabia and Iran in Yemen (2004-2018)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Júlia Palik
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Third Party ◽  
External Support ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Rebel Governance ◽  
Conflict Duration ◽  
The Government

How does interstate rivals’ intervention in a third-party civil war impact conflict duration and outcome in that country? More specifically, (1) how do interstate rivals engage in third party civil conflicts and (2) how do conflict parties attract, utilize, and sustain the external support they receive from their supporters? I answer these questions by comparing Saudi Arabia and Iran’s intervention in two distinct conflicts in Yemen. This dissertation applies a qualitative case study method and selects two within-case methods: structured-focused comparison and process tracing. In the structured-focused comparison, I compare the support Saudi Arabia and Iran has provided to the Government of Yemen (GoY) and the Houthis respectively, differentiating between military and non-military types of support. I compare these during the Saada wars (2004-2010) and in the current internationalized civil war (2014-2018). To ensure the validity of my causal inferences I triangulate data from three sources: the development of a novel mediation and ceasefire dataset1 (1), semi-structured in-depth elite-interviews2 (2), and document reviews (3). This dissertation develops a mechanism-focused analytical framework that integrates both rivalry and civil war dynamics to explain civil war duration and outcome. I build on five distinct literatures (strategic rivalry, civil war studies, third-party intervention in civil wars, mediation, and rebel governance) and complement them with the literature on Middle East Area Studies. In the analytical framework first, I look at the inter-state dimension and propose that rivals’ initial decision to intervene and their subsequent decisions to remain engaged in third-party civil wars are two distinct processes. Rivals seek to inflict costs on their counterparts, but at the same time they seek to avoid direct confrontation. Their cognitive rigidities lock them in their own conflicts and give rise to the mechanism of conflict integration in third-party conflicts. Besides interveners, I also take into account domestic dynamics and examine civil war conflict parties’ capacity to impact rivals by keeping them engaged in their conflict through the mechanism of rivalry instrumentalization. The external and internal perspectives are reinforcing each other and create networked interdependencies. With this two-dimensional logic, I move beyond the conventional framework of proxy wars.

scholarly journals LA INVISIBILIZACIÓN DEL MOVIMIENTO ZAPATISTA ACTUAL EN EL TURISMO DE LOS ALTOS DE CHIAPAS

2021 ◽  
pp. 277-301
Author(s):  
Patricia Viera Bravo ◽  
Álvaro López López
Keyword(s):  
Support Networks ◽  
External Support ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Alternative Community ◽  
Community Projects ◽  
The Military

En este artículo se analizan los principales factores que han operado en la invisibilización del Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) en los circuitos turísticos de Los Altos de Chiapas, mismos que se han beneficiado de la notoriedad mundial lograda por el levantamiento de 1994. Se plantean como factores relevantes el cerco militar y en las comunicaciones impuesto por el Estado mexicano como parte de su estrategia contrainsurgente, así como la producción social de nuevos espacios centrales como parte de la propuesta autonómica zapatista, que se articulan en relaciones alternativas entre comunidades y con redes de apoyo externas. This article analyzes the main factors at work in the erasure of the Ejercito Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) from the tourist circuits of Los Altos de Chiapas, a region that gained worldwide notoriety after the indigenous uprising of January 1, 1994. An evaluation of both the Zapatista autonomic proposals and the State’s counterinsurgency measures is carried out, including the effects of the military and communications encirclement imposed by the Mexican State, and the social production of new central spaces, as part of alternative community projects with external support networks.

scholarly journals A qualitative study investigating Australian cancer service outpatients’ experience of distress screening and management: what is the personal relevance, acceptability and improvement opportunities from patient perspectives?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen McCarter ◽  
Melissa A. Carlson ◽  
Amanda L. Baker ◽  
Chris L. Paul ◽  
James Lynam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supportive Care ◽  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
External Support ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Distress Screening ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study

Abstract Purpose People diagnosed with cancer experience high distress levels throughout diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Untreated distress is associated with poor outcomes, including worsened quality of life and higher mortality rates. Distress screening facilitates need-based access to supportive care which can optimize patient outcomes. This qualitative interview study explored outpatients’ perceptions of a distress screening process implemented in an Australian cancer center. Methods Adult, English-speaking cancer outpatients were approached to participate in face-to-face or phone interviews after being screened by a clinic nurse using the distress thermometer (DT). The piloted semi-structured interview guide explored perceptions of the distress screening and management process, overall well-being, psychosocial support networks, and improvement opportunities for distress processes. Thematic analysis was used. Results Four key themes were identified in the 19 interviews conducted. Distress screening was found to be generally acceptable to participants and could be conducted by a variety of health professionals at varied time points. However, some participants found “distress” to be an ambiguous term. Despite many participants experiencing clinical distress (i.e., DT ≥ 4), few actioned referrals; some noted a preference to manage and prevent distress through informal support and well-being activities. Participants’ diverse coping styles, such as positivity, acceptance, and distancing, also factored into the perceived value of screening and referrals. Conclusion and implications Screening models only measuring severity of distress may not be sufficient to direct care referrals, as they do not consider patients’ varying coping strategies, external support networks, understanding of distress terminology, and motivations for accessing supportive care services.

The Role of External Support in Civil War Termination

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1174-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Sawyer ◽  
Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham ◽  
William Reed
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
External Support ◽  
War Termination ◽  
International Intervention ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effect Of Support ◽  
Conflict Termination ◽  
External Actors

Many studies highlight the role that international intervention can play in prolonging civil wars. Yet, direct military intervention is just one way that external actors become involved in civil conflicts. In this article, a model is developed and analyzed that shows that when the government is unsure about how external support to the rebels will help rebel war-making capacity, it is the government that will continue fighting rather than settle the dispute. Different types of external support to rebels influence their fighting capacity differently, and some types of support create uncertainty about how new resources will translate into war-making ability. Specifically, more fungible sources of support (such as direct financial support) generate the most uncertainty for states as they attempt to estimate the effect of support to rebels on the conflict. Increased uncertainty inhibits bargained settlement, and disputes characterized by fungible external support are less likely to end than those where rebels receive different kinds of support. Empirical analyses demonstrate strong support for this argument; rebels that receive highly fungible external support (money and guns) are less likely to see conflict termination than rebels that do not.

Copper-dependent ATP7B up-regulation drives the resistance of TMEM16A-overexpressing head-and-neck cancer models to platinum toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (24) ◽  
pp. 3705-3719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avani Vyas ◽  
Umamaheswar Duvvuri ◽  
Kirill Kiselyov
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Platinum Resistance ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Platinum Compounds ◽  
Copper Chelation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cancer Models

Platinum-containing drugs such as cisplatin and carboplatin are routinely used for the treatment of many solid tumors including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). However, SCCHN resistance to platinum compounds is well documented. The resistance to platinum has been linked to the activity of divalent transporter ATP7B, which pumps platinum from the cytoplasm into lysosomes, decreasing its concentration in the cytoplasm. Several cancer models show increased expression of ATP7B; however, the reason for such an increase is not known. Here we show a strong positive correlation between mRNA levels of TMEM16A and ATP7B in human SCCHN tumors. TMEM16A overexpression and depletion in SCCHN cell lines caused parallel changes in the ATP7B mRNA levels. The ATP7B increase in TMEM16A-overexpressing cells was reversed by suppression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) and by copper chelation using cuprizone and bathocuproine sulphonate (BCS). Pretreatment with either chelator significantly increased cisplatin's sensitivity, particularly in the context of TMEM16A overexpression. We propose that increased oxidative stress in TMEM16A-overexpressing cells liberates the chelated copper in the cytoplasm, leading to the transcriptional activation of ATP7B expression. This, in turn, decreases the efficacy of platinum compounds by promoting their vesicular sequestration. We think that such a new explanation of the mechanism of SCCHN tumors’ platinum resistance identifies novel approach to treating these tumors.

Collecting Words: A Clinical Example of a Morphology-Focused Orthographic Intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Murphy ◽  
Emily A. Diehm
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Morphological Knowledge ◽  
English Orthography ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
The One ◽  
Critical Intervention ◽  
Reading And Spelling ◽  
Reading And Spelling Difficulties

Purpose Morphological interventions promote gains in morphological knowledge and in other oral and written language skills (e.g., phonological awareness, vocabulary, reading, and spelling), yet we have a limited understanding of critical intervention features. In this clinical focus article, we describe a relatively novel approach to teaching morphology that considers its role as the key organizing principle of English orthography. We also present a clinical example of such an intervention delivered during a summer camp at a university speech and hearing clinic. Method Graduate speech-language pathology students provided a 6-week morphology-focused orthographic intervention to children in first through fourth grade ( n = 10) who demonstrated word-level reading and spelling difficulties. The intervention focused children's attention on morphological families, teaching how morphology is interrelated with phonology and etymology in English orthography. Results Comparing pre- and posttest scores, children demonstrated improvement in reading and/or spelling abilities, with the largest gains observed in spelling affixes within polymorphemic words. Children and their caregivers reacted positively to the intervention. Therefore, data from the camp offer preliminary support for teaching morphology within the context of written words, and the intervention appears to be a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing morphological knowledge, reading, and spelling. Conclusion Children with word-level reading and spelling difficulties may benefit from a morphology-focused orthographic intervention, such as the one described here. Research on the approach is warranted, and clinicians are encouraged to explore its possible effectiveness in their practice. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12290687

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