Multilevel Models of the Relationship Between Music Achievement and Reading and Math Achievement

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-418
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bergee ◽  
Kevin M. Weingarten
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Math Achievement ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
District Level ◽  
Achievement Scores ◽  
Music Achievement ◽  
Reading And Math ◽  
Four Levels

We used multilevel mixed modeling to test the extent to which students’ music achievement scores were related to their reading and math achievement scores. Of the four levels examined (individual students, classrooms, schools, and districts), only individuals and districts accounted for a significant portion of the total variance in achievement scores. We studied several background variables potentially affecting academic achievement among individuals: grade level, gender, educational attainment of parents/guardians, free/reduced-price lunch, ethnicity, and urbanicity. We also incorporated district-level variables of sex, ethnicity, parent/guardian education level, and free/reduced-price lunch along with principal component scores for four district-level latent variables—district achievement, district behavior, available funds, and local revenue. Fourth through eighth graders ( N = 1,081) from seven midwestern school districts participated in the study. Students sat for a representative portion of the first two of the Music Achievement Tests (MAT-1 and MAT-2). We developed separate models for reading and math achievement. No significant differences were found among the districts’ intercepts or slopes. With the aforementioned variables controlled for, both MAT-1 and MAT-2 (controlling for one another as well) demonstrated a strong relationship with reading and math achievement ( ps < .0001).

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of School Composition on North Carolina Student Achievement over Time

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Southworth
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Student Achievement ◽  
Teacher Quality ◽  
Math Achievement ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
School Level ◽  
School Resources ◽  
Reading And Math ◽  
Equality Of Educational Opportunities

This study explores the effects of school-level characteristics on North Carolina students’ reading and math achievement from fourth through eighth grade, focusing on the relationships between achievement and the racial and poverty composition of schools. After creating race-by-poverty cohorts of schools, I use multilevel models to examine math and reading achievement for the same students in fourth, sixth, and eighth grades. The racial and poverty composition of schools affect student achievement after factoring in student, family, and other school influences. In addition, increasing teacher quality and school resources reduces but does not eliminate the effects of school racial and poverty composition on student achievement. Policies leading to reductions in racial and poverty isolation in schools and increases in teacher quality should be pursued to guarantee equality of educational opportunities to all children in North Carolina schools.

Effects of Medium and Substituents on Dissociationof 4,4'-Disubstituted Bis(benzenesulfon)imides

1996 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1205-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Ludwig ◽  
Pavel Štverka
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Substituent Effects ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Base Process ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Substituent Constants ◽  
Model Substances ◽  
Strong Acids

Ten 4,4'-disubstituted bis(arenesulfon)imides of the general formula XC6H4SO2NHSO2C6H4X have been synthesized and their structures confirmed by their 1H NMR spectra. Elemental analyses are presented for the compounds not yet described. The dissociation constants of these model substances have been measured potentiometrically in pyridine, dimethylformamide, methanol, ethanol, propylene carbonate, acetone, acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane and tetramethylene sulfone. The pKHA values obtained have been correlated with three sets of the Hammett substituent constants and the results have been used to discuss the solvent and substituent effects on the dissociation of the compounds studied. Sulfonimides with electron-acceptor substituents behave as rather strong acids in some solvents (pyridine, dimethylformamide, methanol and ethanol), whereas normal substituent dependences are found in other solvents. The experimental data have also been interpreted with the help of the statistical methods based on latent variables. From the calculations it follows that only the first principal component, which correlates well with the substituent constant sets adopted, is statistically significant in describing the substituent effect on the acid-base process studied.

Reaction Monitoring in Explorative Organic Synthesis Using Fiber-Optical NIR Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-René Bjørsvik
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Reaction Profile

A method of combining spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis for obtaining quantitative information on how a reaction proceeds is presented. The method is an approach for the explorative synthetic organic laboratory rather than the analytical chemistry laboratory. The method implements near-infrared spectroscopy with an optical fiber transreflectance probe as instrumentation. The data analysis consists of decomposition of the spectral data, which are recorded during the course of a reaction by using principal component analysis to obtain latent variables, scores, and loading. From the scores and the corresponding reaction time, it is possible to obtain a reaction profile. This reaction profile can easily be recalculated to obtain the concentration profile over time. This calculation is based on only two quantitative measurements, which can be (1) measurement from the work-up of the reaction or (2) chromatographic analysis from two withdrawn samples during the reaction. The method is applied to the synthesis of 3-amino-propan-1,2-diol.

scholarly journals Individual differences in executive function partially explain the socioeconomic gradient in middle-school academic achievement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Albert ◽  
Jamie Lars Hanson ◽  
Ann Skinner ◽  
Ken Dodge ◽  
Laurence Steinberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Classroom Practice ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Math Achievement ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
Reading And Math ◽  
Math Proficiency

Children from families with low socioeconomic status (SES) earn lower grades, perform worse on achievement tests, and attain less education on average than their peers from higher-SES families. We evaluated neurocognitive mediators of SES disparities in achievement in a diverse sample of youth whose data were linked to administrative records of performance on school-administered tests of 7th grade reading and math proficiency (*N*=203). We used structural equation modeling to evaluate whether associations between SES (measured at ages 8-9) and achievement (measured at age 13) are mediated by verbal ability and executive function (measured at age 10), a suite of top-down mental processes that facilitate control of thinking and behavior. Children from relatively higher-SES families performed better than their lower-SES peers on all neurocognitive and achievement measures, and SES disparities in both reading and math achievement were partially mediated by variation in executive function, but not verbal ability. SES disparities in executive function explained approximately 37% of the SES gap in math achievement and 17% of the SES gap in reading achievement. Exploratory modeling suggests that SES-related variation in working memory may play a particularly prominent role in mediation. We discuss potential implications of these findings for research, intervention programming, and classroom practice.

Pattern recognition of enrichment levels of SELEX-based candidate aptamers for human C-reactive protein

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinliang Yu ◽  
Ruqin Yu ◽  
Xiaohai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Molecular Descriptors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Systematic Evolution ◽  
Model C ◽  
Exponential Enrichment

AbstractSelecting aptamers for human C-reactive protein (CRP) would be of critical importance in predicting the risk for cardiovascular disease. The enrichment level of DNA aptamers is an important parameter for selecting candidate aptamers for further affinity and specificity determination. This paper is the first report on pattern recognition used for CRP aptamer enrichment levels in the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) process, by applying structure-activity relationship models. After generating 10 rounds of graphene oxide (GO)-SELEX and 1670 molecular descriptors, eight molecular descriptors were selected and five latent variables were then obtained with principal component analysis (PCA), to develop a support vector classification (SVC) model. The SVC model (C=8.1728 and

Improving Reading and Math Achievement Across a Whole District

2016 ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Thurston ◽  
Peter Tymms ◽  
Christine Merrell ◽  
Nora Conlin
Keyword(s):  
Math Achievement ◽  
Reading And Math

scholarly journals Executive function as a mediator between SES and academic achievement throughout childhood

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn M. Lawson ◽  
Martha J. Farah
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Math Achievement ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Reading And Math ◽  
Mri Study

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES), as measured by parental education and family income, is highly predictive of academic achievement, but little is known about how specific cognitive systems shape SES disparities in achievement outcomes. This study investigated the extent to which executive function (EF) mediated associations between parental education and family income and changes in reading and math achievement in a sample of 336 children between the ages of 6 and 15 years from the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development. Verbal memory was simultaneously modeled as a comparison candidate mediator. SES predicted significant changes in reading and math achievement over a two-year time period. Furthermore, executive function, but not verbal memory, was found to partially mediate the relationship between SES variables and change in math achievement. Collectively, these results suggest that executive function may be an important link between childhood SES and academic achievement

scholarly journals Nursing Motives for Helping Scale (N-MHS): Reliability and Validity

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis González Gutiérrez ◽  
Cecilia Peñacoba Puente ◽  
Ricardo Moreno Rodríguez ◽  
Almudena López López ◽  
Lilian Velasco Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Altruistic Motivation ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Potential Risks

This paper presents the Nursing Motives for Helping Scale (N-MHS), an instrument designed for the evaluation of three of the four motives for helping derived from Batson's helping pathway theory. Dimensionality was analyzed by means of principal component analysis (n = 113), followed by confirmatory factor analysis. A 3-factor structure (corresponding to Batson's differentiation among altruistic motivation, reward-seeking motivation, and punishment-avoidance motivation, respectively), with 9 items distributed in three latent variables, revealed an acceptable fit to the data. Alpha values (.60 - .74) showed that internal consistency was acceptable for a newly developed subscale with a small number of items. Convergence validity was evaluated with correlations between N-MHS subscales scores and scores on the Professional Expectations Scale (Garrosa, Moreno-Jiménez, Rodríguez-Carvajal, & Morante, 2005). The three resulting subscales are a promising instrument for the evaluation of three nursing motives for helping that can contribute to reduce the potential risks and to improve the potential benefits both for the nurse and the patient.

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