How Do Friends Manage Income Differences? The Role of Lay Concepts of Justice in the Erosion of Income-Bridging Friendships and Social Segregation

Sociology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léna Pellandini-Simányi
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Lay Conceptions ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
Micro Level

When maintaining status-bridging friendships, people encounter inequalities in the context of their most intimate relationships. Using interview data on how people manage friendships with significantly poorer and richer friends in Hungary, this article explores lay discourses of inequality and justice, and the processes through which they lead to the decay (or the preservation) of income-bridging friendships at the micro level and to social segregation at the macro level. It shows, first, that different – egalitarian versus meritocratic – lay conceptions of inequality and justice translate into different everyday strategies of managing income-bridging friendships, focused on the hiding versus legitimization of inequalities, respectively. Second, it traces how both of these strategies, which are aimed at maintaining income-bridging friendships, eventually lead to their decay and to growing segregation between social classes.

18. Political Participation

2020 ◽  
pp. 318-335
Author(s):  
Herbert Kitschelt ◽  
Philipp Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Politically Active

This chapter examines four fundamental questions relating to political participation. First, it considers different modes of political participation such as social movements, interest groups, and political parties. Second, it analyses the determinants of political participation, focusing in particular on the paradox of collective action. Third, it explains political participation at the macro-level in order to identify which contextual conditions are conducive to participation and the role of economic affluence in political participation. Finally, the chapter discusses political participation at the micro-level. It shows that both formal associations and informal social networks, configured around family and friendship ties, supplement individual capacities to engage in political participation or compensate for weak capacities, so as to boost an individual’s probability to become politically active.

18. Political participation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Kitschelt ◽  
Philipp Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Politically Active

This chapter examines four fundamental questions relating to political participation. First, it considers different modes of political participation such as social movements, interest groups, and political parties. Second, it analyses the determinants of political participation, focusing in particular on the paradox of collective action. Third, it explains political participation at the macro-level in order to identify which contextual conditions are conducive to participation and the role of economic affluence in political participation. Finally, the chapter discusses political participation at the micro-level. It shows that both formal associations and informal social networks, configured around family and friendship ties, supplement individual capacities to engage in political participation or compensate for weak capacities, so as to boost an individual's probability to become politically active.

PART II: Ethics, Environment, and Migration: Immigration and the Ethics of Choice

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Distance ◽  
The State ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Know How ◽  
Ethical Discourse ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Individual

This paper begins by developing a language for ethical discourse on immigration and then examining the extent to which choices may be made at the micro-level and at the macro-level. States and individuals are examined as actors who are variously described as making choices or being choiceless. The concepts of cultural distance, reciprocity, the role of the individual and of the state and their interrelationships are evaluated in the perspective of choice. Whether an ethics of immigration can be successfully developed hinges on the degree of choice that individuals and states have or perceive themselves to have. How sad and fraught with trouble is the state of those who yearly emigrate in bodies to America for the means of living…. It is, indeed, piteous that so many unhappy sons of Italy, driven by want to seek another land, should encounter ills greater than those from which they would fly…. When they reach the lands for which they are destined, ignorant as they are of the language and the place, and hired out for daily labor, they fall into the hands of the dishonest, and even into the snares of those powerful men to whom they enslave themselves. (Pope Leo XIII, 1888) You shall not oppress an alien. You well know how it feels to be an alien since you were once aliens yourselves in the land of Egypt. (Ex 23:9)

Current Language Maintenance Research in Jordan

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Abdelkader M. Alshboul
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Language Maintenance And Shift ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
The Way

<p>This paper investigates the methodology utilized in Jordanian language maintenance and shift research on six minorities including Chechens, Armenians, Gypsies, Druze, Circassian, and Kurds. It argues that the methodology has been based on the macro-level analysis that examined the role of a number of sociodemographic factors in the LMLS process. However, this analysis does not offer a complex picture of immigrants’ language use and attitudes. It is suggested in this paper that the micro level analysis should also be employed to illuminate the way language is negotiated and used. </p>

scholarly journals Assessing the practical implementation of the EU’s values in EU–China dialogues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Roger Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Test Case ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLiterature debating the role of the EU’s values in its external relations has neglected to adequately define and empirically explore the practical promotion or mainstreaming of these aspects in diplomatic dialogues with third countries, at the micro-level. Departing from an often abstract focus by scholars on policy outcomes at the macro-level, a concentration on micro-level processes enables an explanation of how value mainstreaming is actually taking place and the elements informing this. It encompasses the role of individual EU officials, the mechanisms guiding their activities, and the impact of interlocutors from third countries. Addressing this gap, this paper defines EU value mainstreaming and conducts a discourse analysis of a comprehensive sample of interviews with EU officials operationalising EU–China dialogues, arguably the hardest test case. It is found that value mainstreaming is rarely taking place in practice due to a nuanced combination of factors. These include EU officials’ perceived lack of responsibility for undertaking such activities, anticipated obstruction by Chinese interlocutors, and counterproductive mainstreaming approaches.

Civic and Political Engagement in Youth

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenia Chryssochoou ◽  
Martyn Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Youth Engagement ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Family ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Micro Level

Abstract. This paper reviews the research that has been conducted into youth civic and political engagement since 2010. We begin by noting the claim that youth are not sufficiently engaged either civically or politically. We argue that this claim is probably incorrect: rather than using conventional forms of political participation, youth today are often engaged through nonconventional and civic means instead. We also indicate at the outset some important cautions about the interpretation of research findings in this field, in particular the need to consider the kinds of political issues with which youth are involved, the moments in time at which they are involved, and the societal contexts in which their involvement occurs. We argue that these specificities mean that it might be difficult or even impossible to construct a unified model or comprehensive understanding of youth civic and political engagement. The review then considers recent research findings on the role of micro-, meso-, and macro-level factors in influencing youth engagement. Micro-level factors include political interest, efficacy, ideologies, values, and identity; meso-level factors include the family, school, peers, and the neighborhood; while macro-level factors include political-cultural, economic, legal, and institutional factors. We also review recent findings on the role of young people’s demographic positioning, the effects that social media might be playing in transforming youth engagement, and how political parties can actively mobilize youth. We conclude that young people are far from being apathetic and uninterested in politics, but that they need to find ways to be involved that are meaningful to them. We also indicate some possible future lines of research that could be profitably pursued.

Considerations in assessing pragmatic appropriateness in spoken language

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-202
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
The Given

AbstractThis paper is a revised version of a plenary prompted by the upsurge of interest in the role of pragmatics in teaching, learning, and assessment, and has as its purpose to take a fresh look at recent developments in the assessment of target-language (TL) pragmatics in spoken language. The first issue considered is the question of whether to attempt to assess pragmatics as it unfolds naturally in interactions, and if so, how to do it. Next, micro-level and macro-level factors in the assessment of TL pragmatics are considered. Third, a close look is given to the specific elements of TL pragmatics to assess. Fourth, there is attention to the matter of which instruments are most appropriate for collecting the desired data in the given context. Fifth, issues relating to data analysis are discussed. Finally, matters pertaining to the assessment of classroom instruction are looked at. Recommendations are given as to potentially viable directions for dealing with these issues both in terms of research studies and for assessment of classroom instruction.

scholarly journals Micro-processes of Moral Normative Engagement with CSR Tensions: The Role of Spirituality in Justification Work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyemi Shin ◽  
Mai Chi Vu ◽  
Nicholas Burton
Keyword(s):  
Structured Interview ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Moral Dimension ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractAlthough CSR scholarship has highlighted how tensions in CSR implementation are negotiated, little is known about its normative and moral dimension at a micro-level. Drawing upon the economies of worth framework, we explore how spirituality influences the negotiation of CSR tensions at an individual level, and what types of justification work they engage in when experiencing tensions. Our analysis of semi-structured interview data from individuals who described themselves as Buddhist and were in charge of CSR implementations for their organizations shows that spirituality influences how they compromise among competing moral values by identifying two forms of justification work: compartmentalizing work and contextualizing work, which help spiritual practitioners minimize moral dissonance.

scholarly journals Ambivalence and Self-Reported Adherence to Recommendations to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 362-374
Author(s):  
Iris K. Schneider ◽  
Angela R. Dorrough ◽  
Celine Frank
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Micro Level

Abstract. Governments worldwide still, to some extent, rely on behavioral recommendations to reduce the spread of COVID-19. We examine the role of ambivalence toward both the specific recommendations (micro-ambivalence) and the pandemic as a whole (macro-ambivalence) about compliance. We predict that micro ambivalence relates negatively, whereas macro ambivalence relates positively to self-reported adherence to recommendations. We present two studies ( N = 691) supporting our hypotheses: the more ambivalent people are toward the behavioral recommendations (micro-level), the less they report following them. Conversely, the more ambivalent people are about the pandemic as a whole (macro-level), the more they report following recommendations. Our findings were replicated in a US sample and a representative German sample.

Programmatic Coordination in Campaigns

2018 ◽  
pp. 67-91
Author(s):  
Philip G. Roeder
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Common ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Right

This chapter explains the role of the common goal of independence that holds together constituents of the campaign who have diverse motivations for joining the campaign. These types include enthusiasts (true believers in independence), expressionists (activists who revel in the struggle), and pragmatists (who see independence as a means to serve economic and political interests). Campaign leaders must allocate incentives to bring each type into the campaign at the proper stage of campaign development and phase of activation, but still limiting the damage that each type of constituent can impose on a campaign if not matched to the right task or time. This micro-level strategy explains why we observe at the macro-level only weak relationships between specific patterns of identity, grievance, and greed to the rise of national-secession campaigns. And it explains why the authenticity and realism of the campaigns program emerge as key constraints on campaign success at programmatic coordination. This chapter includes a brief analysis of the Eritrean struggle for independence to illustrate the importance of programmatic coordination.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document