Locating neighbourhood diversity in the American metropolis

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Walker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Low Diversity

Racial and ethnic diversity in the United States is on the rise, as the country is projected to no longer have a racial majority by the mid-2040s. Much of this diversity is found in the United States’ large metropolitan areas, where it manifests itself unevenly. While some metropolitan neighbourhoods are growing highly diverse, others remain segregated by race and ethnicity. This paper introduces a framework for exploring the geography of neighbourhood diversity in US metropolitan areas, and defines the diversity gradient, a visual representation of how diversity varies with distance from the urban core. Analysis of the geography of metropolitan diversity from 1990 to 2010 reveals that the greatest increases in diversity are found in the suburbs and outlying areas, where diversity now peaks in many large metropolitan areas. Additional spatial analyses of neighbourhood diversity in Chicago and Dallas-Fort Worth show that clustering of highly diverse neighbourhoods has shifted to the suburbs from close-in urban areas, where many segregated and low-diversity neighbourhoods persist.

The effects of population and housing density in urban areas on income in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Daniel Hummel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
Urbanization Economies ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Cities in the United States have become increasingly less dense either from sprawl from rapid development or vacancy due to decline. The benefits and costs of urban density have been a topic of research since the mid-20th century. The effect of urban density on incomes is one of these areas of research. Based on concepts rooted in urbanization economies and social output, it is assumed in this paper that an increase in urban density increases incomes. Urban density is defined as population and housing density. It was found using a cross-sectional lagged mediated multiple regression that population and housing density have statistically significant indirect effects on income in a sample of more than 300 metropolitan areas in the United States. The significant effects of these variables on employment and the effect of employment on income mediated these effects.

scholarly journals Health benefits of decreases in on-road transportation emissions in the United States from 2008 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (51) ◽  
pp. e2107402118
Author(s):  
Ernani F. Choma ◽  
John S. Evans ◽  
José A. Gómez-Ibáñez ◽  
Qian Di ◽  
Joel D. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Air Pollution Regulation

Decades of air pollution regulation have yielded enormous benefits in the United States, but vehicle emissions remain a climate and public health issue. Studies have quantified the vehicle-related fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-attributable mortality but lack the combination of proper counterfactual scenarios, latest epidemiological evidence, and detailed spatial resolution; all needed to assess the benefits of recent emission reductions. We use this combination to assess PM2.5-attributable health benefits and also assess the climate benefits of on-road emission reductions between 2008 and 2017. We estimate total benefits of $270 (190 to 480) billion in 2017. Vehicle-related PM2.5-attributable deaths decreased from 27,700 in 2008 to 19,800 in 2017; however, had per-mile emission factors remained at 2008 levels, 48,200 deaths would have occurred in 2017. The 74% increase from 27,700 to 48,200 PM2.5-attributable deaths with the same emission factors is due to lower baseline PM2.5 concentrations (+26%), more vehicle miles and fleet composition changes (+22%), higher baseline mortality (+13%), and interactions among these (+12%). Climate benefits were small (3 to 19% of the total). The percent reductions in emissions and PM2.5-attributable deaths were similar despite an opportunity to achieve disproportionately large health benefits by reducing high-impact emissions of passenger light-duty vehicles in urban areas. Increasingly large vehicles and an aging population, increasing mortality, suggest large health benefits in urban areas require more stringent policies. Local policies can be effective because high-impact primary PM2.5 and NH3 emissions disperse little outside metropolitan areas. Complementary national-level policies for NOx are merited because of its substantial impacts—with little spatial variability—and dispersion across states and metropolitan areas.

scholarly journals Local Population Change and Variations in Racial Integration in the United States, 2000–2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bellman ◽  
Seth E. Spielman ◽  
Rachel S. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Areas

While population growth has been consistently tied to decreasing racial segregation at the metropolitan level in the United States, little work has been done to relate small-scale changes in population size to integration. We address this question through a novel technique that tracks population changes by race and ethnicity for comparable geographies in both 2000 and 2010. Using the Theil index, we analyze the fifty most populous metropolitan statistical areas in 2010 for changes in multigroup segregation. We classify local areas by their net population change between 2000 and 2010 using a unique unit of analysis based on aggregating census blocks. We find strong evidence that growing parts of rapidly growing metropolitan areas of the United States are crucial to understanding regional differences in segregation that have emerged in past decades. Multigroup segregation declined the most in growing parts of growing metropolitan areas. Comparatively, growing parts of shrinking or stagnant metropolitan areas were less diverse and had smaller declines in segregation. We also find that local areas with shrinking populations had disproportionately high minority representation in 2000 before population loss took place. We conclude that the regional context of population growth or decline has important consequences for the residential mixing of racial groups.

scholarly journals URBAN SPRAWL IN MALAYSIA: EVIDENCES FROM THREE LARGEST METROPOLITAN AREAS

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Mohd. Zulhafidz Yahaya ◽  
Mohd Zuwairi Yunus ◽  
Mohd Shakir Md Ali Safudin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Urban sprawl is a one of the most pressing issues confronting urban development in the developed as well as developing countries. Much research had been done on the trend of urban sprawl and its negative consequences in established cities in the United States, Europe and Australia. This paper analyzes the phenomenon in the three largest metropolitan areas in Malaysia, namely Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bharu Metropolitan Areas. Using population and land use as main variables, it argues that suburban expansion and the resulting urban sprawl has been occurring in these metropolitan areas since 1970 and has intensified since the late 1980s due to the rapid economic growth brought by industrialization. It calls for more sustainable approach in the planning and management of urban areas in Malaysia.

scholarly journals URBAN SPRAWL IN MALAYSIA: EVIDENCES FROM THREE LARGEST METROPOLITAN AREAS

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Mohd. Zulhafidz Yahaya ◽  
Mohd Zuwairi Yunus ◽  
Mohd Shakir Md Ali Safudin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Urban sprawl is a one of the most pressing issues confronting urban development in the developed as well as developing countries. Much research had been done on the trend of urban sprawl and its negative consequences in established cities in the United States, Europe and Australia. This paper analyzes the phenomenon in the three largest metropolitan areas in Malaysia, namely Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bharu Metropolitan Areas. Using population and land use as main variables, it argues that suburban expansion and the resulting urban sprawl has been occurring in these metropolitan areas since 1970 and has intensified since the late 1980s due to the rapid economic growth brought by industrialization. It calls for more sustainable approach in the planning and management of urban areas in Malaysia.

America’s New Racial/Ethnic Diversity

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lee ◽  
Frank D. Bean
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Ethnically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Minority Group ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The United States is more racially/ethnically diverse than at any point in the country’s history as a result of immigration, intermarriage, and multiracial identification. The Latino and Asian populations have more than tripled in size since 1970; Latinos are now the largest racial/ethnic minority group, and Asians, the fastest growing group in the country. Also contributing to America’s new diversity is increasing intermarriage and a growing multiracial population. Intermarriage soared more than twenty-fold between 1960 and 2000, and the multiracial population is poised to account for one in five Americans by 2050, and one in three by 2100. However, this new diversity is not evenly apparent across the country. Some states—like California—reflect the new diversity, which is also evident at the metropolitan level. In other states, the new diversity is nearly invisible. The pattern of high and low diversity in the United States reflects the country’s vast heterogeneity.

scholarly journals “Superstar Cities” & the Generation of Durable Inequality

Daedalus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Le Galès ◽  
Paul Pierson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Collective Action Problems

The striking economic agglomerations emerging in affluent democracies are generating, reproducing, and expanding inequalities. A major mechanism for this is housing, which is both a repository for wealth and, under these conditions, a magnifier of wealth. Access to urban areas – the site of educational, labor, and marriage market advantages – is contingent upon access to housing. We use comparative analysis of cases in Europe (London and Paris) and the United States (New York and San Francisco) to consider the capacities of different societies to limit or ameliorate these new sources of diverging opportunity. These seemingly local issues remain shaped by distinct national political contexts, which vary dramatically in their capacity to support local affordable housing and reduce the collective action problems confronting major metropolitan areas.

Why is Helping Behavior Declining in the United States But Not in Canada?: Ethnic Diversity, New Technologies, and Other Explanations

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith N. Hampton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Neighborhood Diversity ◽  
Changing Attitudes

This paper explores whether there has been a recent decline in helping behavior in the United States. In a lost letter experiment, 7,466 letters were “lost” in 63 urban areas in the United States and Canada in 2001 and 2011. There has been a 10 percent decline in helping behavior in the United States, but not in Canada. Two arguments anticipate change in the level of help provided to strangers: the rise of new technologies, and neighborhood racial and ethnic diversity. Findings exclude increased privatism as a source for the decline in helping. In 2001 there was no variation in altruistic behavior based on neighborhood diversity. However, areas of the United States where the proportion of noncitizens increased since 2001 experienced reduced helping; the opposite was found in Canada. Possible explanations include changing attitudes toward noncitizens, and differences in public policy related to economic inequality, social inclusion, and the acceptance of multiculturalism.

An Evolving Residential Landscape in Post-Katrina New Orleans

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Byron Strait ◽  
Gang Gong
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Compositional Change ◽  
Residential Landscapes

Residential landscapes across the United States have been significantly altered in recent years by the increased racial and ethnic diversity evident within urban areas. In New Orleans, Louisiana, residential landscapes were particularly impacted by the disruptive influences associated with Hurricane Katrina, a storm that ultimately transformed the demographic make-up of this urban area. This research investigates the impacts that increased diversity has had on the levels of residential segregation among racial and/or ethnic groups in New Orleans from 2000 to 2010. Empirical analysis entailed the measurement of two dimensions of segregation evident among Non-Hispanic whites, African-Americans, Hispanics and Asians. Measures of residential exposure were decomposed in order to investigate the relative impacts of metropolitan-wide compositional change and intra-urban redistributive change on segregation among the four groups. During the 2000s, New Orleans exhibited very modest forms of residential integration. Results suggest that Non-Hispanic whites, Asians, and Hispanics exhibited some degree of “ethnic (or racial) self-selectivity” that functioned to concentrate these groups residentially, although these forces were partially overwhelmed by other forces operating at both the neighborhood and metropolitan scales. The evidence further suggests that the residential experiences among minorities were strongly impacted by the redistributive behavior of whites.

Local Government, Suburban Segregation and Litigation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatial Morphology

A major characteristic of the social and spatial morphology of urban areas in advanced capitalist societies is the residential segregation of different socioeconomic, life style, and ethnic groups. The basic rationale for this segregation is common to most societies, as is its production via the operation of housing markets. In addition, however, each country has its own particular characteristics which accentuate the general processes. One such characteristic in the United States is the nature of the local government system in most States.The aim of this paper is to identify die main features of that system as they apply to the geography of residential separation. The discussion is set within die context of the general processes of American local government and indicates how these have encouraged segregation. The paper then turns to a discussion of the use of the courts and die Fourteendi Amendment to challenge the amalgam of housing market and local government processes, and evaluates the likely outcome of the series of challenges.

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