The urban metabolism of airline passengers: Scaling and sustainability

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary P Neal
Keyword(s):  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
City Size ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Transport Service ◽  
Airline Passengers ◽  
Airline Passenger ◽  
Using Data

Concerns about the negative externalities of air transport suggest it is important to consider the sustainability of growth in demand for air transport. However, there is little agreement on how the sustainability of demand should be evaluated. In this paper, I draw on the extensive literature on allometric scaling in biology, which examines animals’ demand for calories, to provide a novel framework for evaluating the sustainability of cities’ demand for air transport service. Viewing cities as analogous to organisms and airline passengers as analogous to life-sustaining resources, I focus on two questions. First, at what rate do cities metabolise passengers, that is, how many airline passengers does it take to fuel a city of a given size? Second, does this metabolic rate differ for business and leisure passengers, which represent different kinds of urban resources? Using data on airline passenger movement between 103 US metropolitan areas in each year from 1993 through 2011, I find that cities demand airline passengers in proportion to their population size, but when viewed separately, demand for business passengers as a function of city size is much lower than for leisure passengers. Moreover, I find that these patterns have remained relatively stable over the last two decades. The findings suggest that considering passenger type is important in evaluating the sustainability of air transport and the capacity of the air transport system to support cities’ continued growth.

scholarly journals Model-Informed Optimization of a Pediatric Clinical Pharmacokinetic Trial of a New Spironolactone Liquid Formulation

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Manasa Tatipalli ◽  
Vijay Kumar Siripuram ◽  
Tao Long ◽  
Diana Shuster ◽  
Galina Bernstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacokinetic Model ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Liquid Formulation ◽  
Sampling Schemes ◽  
Quantitative Pharmacology ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Drug Pharmacokinetics

Quantitative pharmacology brings important advantages in the design and conduct of pediatric clinical trials. Herein, we demonstrate the application of a model-based approach to select doses and pharmacokinetic sampling scenarios for the clinical evaluation of a novel oral suspension of spironolactone in pediatric patients with edema. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed and qualified for spironolactone and its metabolite, canrenone, using data from adults and bridged to pediatrics (2 to <17 years old) using allometric scaling. The model was then used via simulation to explore different dosing and sampling scenarios. Doses of 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg led to target exposures (i.e., similar to 25 and 100 mg of the reference product in adults) in all the reference pediatric ages (i.e., 2, 6, 12 and 17 years). Additionally, two different sampling scenarios were delineated to accommodate patients into sparse sampling schemes informative to characterize drug pharmacokinetics while minimizing phlebotomy and burden to participating children.

scholarly journals Metropolitan governance structure and growth–inequality dynamics in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 598-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaewoo Cho ◽  
Jae Hong Kim ◽  
Yonsu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Metropolitan Governance ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Nonlinear Fashion

While much scholarly attention has been paid to ways in which metropolitan areas are politically structured and operated to achieve a dual goal, economic growth, and equality, relatively less is known about the complex relationship between metropolitan governance structures and growth–inequality dynamics. This study investigates how and to what extent metropolitan governance structures shape regional economic growth and inequality trajectories using data for 267 US metropolitan areas from 1990 to 2010. Findings from a two-stage least squares regression analysis suggest that economic growth is associated with governance structures in a nonlinear fashion, with relatively more rapid growth rates in both highly centralized and decentralized metropolitan areas. However, these regions are also found to experience a larger increase in income inequality, indicating an important trade-off to be considered carefully in exploring ways to reform existing governance settings. These findings further suggest that the so-called growth–inequality trade-off may exist not only in their direct interactions but through their connections via governance or other variables.

scholarly journals Urban Accounting and Welfare

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2296-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Desmet ◽  
Esteban Rossi-Hansberg
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
City Size ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
City Size Distribution ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The City

We use a simple theory of a system of cities to decompose the determinants of the city size distribution into three main components: efficiency, amenities, and frictions. Higher efficiency and better amenities lead to larger cities but also to greater frictions through congestion and other negative effects of agglomeration. Using data on MSAs in the United States, we estimate these city characteristics. Eliminating variation in any of them leads to large population reallocations, but modest welfare effects. We apply the same methodology to Chinese cities and find welfare effects that are many times larger than those in the US. (JEL H71, O18, P25, R11, R23, R41)

The Story of Indian Air Transport

1961 ◽  
Vol 65 (601) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. D. Tata
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Transport Service ◽  
Great Pleasure ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
British Commonwealth

The Sixteenth British Commonwealth Lecture, The Story of Indian Air Transport, by Mr. J. R. D. Tata, Chairman of Air-India International, was given before a distinguished audience on 18th November 1960 at the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Birdcage Walk, London, S.W.1.The President of the Society, Dr. E. S. Moult, C.B.E., B.Sc., F.R.Ae.S., M.I.Mech.E., presided at the meeting. Before introducing the Lecturer the President explained that hitherto the election of Fellows had been initiated by the Council and announced once a year but, under the new By-Laws, Fellowship was to be regarded as a position which could be attained by any qualified member who had reached a position of eminence and responsibility in the profession of aeronautics. At the same time it had been decided that the announcement of such elections should be made not just once a year, but on occasions such as this.The names of 22 members who had been elected to Fellowship since May 1960 were then read out by the Secretary. (These names were published in the December Journal–Ed.)After congratulating the new Fellows, Dr. Moult said that the British Commonwealth series of lectures started at the end of the War in 1945, and had continued annually until the present day. Throughout the years they had had a series of outstanding lectures on subjects associated with aeronautics in the Commonwealth, given by most distinguished lecturers. The stature of this lecture was set for all time in 1954 when His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh addressed them on “Aviation and the Development of Remote Areas”. Now they were to hear about the growth of aviation in one of the great members of the Commonwealth. Air Transport in India was now thirty years old1 and there was no one more suited to tell the story of that thirty years than their lecturer, Mr. J. R. D. Tata.Mr. Tata had been actively associated with this development all his working life. Indeed, it was true to say he had had a major part in it. He learned to fly in 1929 and personally flew the first scheduled transport service in India in 1932. He had been associated with aviation throughout all these years and a few years ago was president of I.A.T.A., the International Air Transport Association; he was now Chairman of Air-India International. He had great pleasure in asking Mr. Tata to give the Sixteenth British Commonwealth Lecture, “The Story of Indian Air Transport.”

scholarly journals Application of Data Mining Techniques for Medical Data Classification: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 06003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Anwar Lashari ◽  
Rosziati Ibrahim ◽  
Norhalina Senan ◽  
N. S. A. M. Taujuddin
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Data Classification ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Medical Data Classification ◽  
Using Data

This paper investigates the existing practices and prospects of medical data classification based on data mining techniques. It highlights major advanced classification approaches used to enhance classification accuracy. Past research has provided literature on medical data classification using data mining techniques. From extensive literature analysis, it is found that data mining techniques are very effective for the task of classification. This paper analysed comparatively the current advancement in the classification of medical data. The findings of the study showed that the existing classification of medical data can be improved further. Nonetheless, there should be more research to ascertain and lessen the ambiguities for classification to gain better precision.

The Problem of Landing Commercial Aircraft in Fog

1934 ◽  
Vol 38 (286) ◽  
pp. 807-836
Author(s):  
R. Stussel
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Transport Service ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Great Problem ◽  
Short Survey ◽  
Technical Aids ◽  
Bad Weather

Summary(1)Survey of the present methods of carrying out air transport service when visibility is bad.(2)What is essentially required of technical aids for landing under bad weather conditions.(3)Short survey of current German methods for solving the problem of landing in fog.The necessity for being able to carry out air transport unhindered by weather conditions is inseparably associated with the idea of commercial air service. This great problem of “ flight in any weather ” has confronted us since the inception of regular services between places having corresponding traffic needs, that is to say, since the very birth of air transport.

scholarly journals Agricultural Adaptation to Urbanization: Farm Types in Northeast Metropolitan Areas

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Heimlich ◽  
Charles H. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Agricultural Adaptation ◽  
Metropolitan County ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Nonfarm Income ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Farm Types

Metropolitan agriculture is not homogeneous. This paper delves beneath metropolitan county averages using data on individual farms in the Northeast classified into three statistically distinct types. A small group of adaptive farms profit from intensive production on smaller acreage to accommodate themselves to the urban environment. Traditional farms have increased costs and pressures on their more extensive operations without compensating increases in revenue from better-adapted enterprises. A large group of recreational farms subsidize small-farm activities from nonfarm income. Operating characteristics of each farm type are presented and their importance to metropolitan agriculture is assessed. Implications for preserving farming and farmland in the Northeast are drawn.

Variation in primary health care services after implementation of quality improvement policy in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anya P G F Vieira-Meyer ◽  
Maria de Fatima A S Machado ◽  
Fabiane A Gubert ◽  
Ana Patricia P Morais ◽  
Yana Paula Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
City Size ◽  
Work Process ◽  
Process Improvements ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Additional Support

Abstract Background Brazil is the most populous country with a public, universal and free health care system. The National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ) was created to improve the quality of primary health care (PHC). Objective To evaluated whether progress generally has been made within Brazil’s PHC since PMAQ implementation, and if changes occurred uniformly in the country, while also identifying municipal characteristics that may have influenced the improvement. Methods This is an observational study using data from PMAQ external evaluation (2012 and 2014), a 1200-item survey used to evaluate Brazilian PHC quality. After confirming the groupings of items using factor analysis, we created 23 composed indexes (CIs) related to infrastructure and work process. Results On average, the large majority of CIs showed improvements between 2012 and 2014. Region and city size moderated changes in the PHC indices differently. Overall, there were better improvements in infrastructure in the Northeast compared with other country regions, and in smaller cities (10 000–20 000 people). Infrastructure indices appear to have improved equitably across the country. Work process improvements varied with city size and region. Conclusion Despite similar support of PMAQ across the country, improvements are not predictable nor homogeneous. Non-uniform improvements were seen in Brazil’s PHC. Though we do not directly evaluate the effectiveness of the PMAQ (financial reward) method, these initial findings suggest that it is a potentially useful tool to improve health systems, but additional support may be needed in regions that lag behind in quality improvements.

Operation Lifeline: History and Development of the Naval Air Transport Service.

1948 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Henry M. Dater ◽  
James Lee ◽  
Joe Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Air Transport ◽  
Transport Service
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