scholarly journals Class, Gender, and Rhoticity: The Social Stratification of Non-Prevocalic /r/ in Edinburgh Speech

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Dickson ◽  
Lauren Hall-Lew
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Analysis Of Variation ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
The Relationship

Despite the prominence of socioeconomic status as a factor in models of English variation, few studies have explicitly considered speakers whose social class status changed over their lifetime. This paper presents an auditory and acoustic analysis of variation in non-prevocalic /r/ among middle-aged adults from Edinburgh, Scotland. The speakers represent three groups: the Established Middle Class (EMC) and the Working Class (WC), both of which are characterized as socioeconomically non-mobile, and a third group we call the New Middle Class (NMC), comprising individuals born to working-class families and living middle-class lives at the time of data collection. The results demonstrate that realizations of /r/ have a significant correlation with socioeconomic status, and that the effect of class further interacts with gender. NMC speakers demonstrate the highest level of rhoticity of all three groups. In contrast, WC men show extensive derhoticization and deletion, while WC women show patterns of rhoticity that are more comparable to the NMC women. The EMC speakers show more non-rhoticity than either the NMC speakers or the WC women. A consideration of the indexical value of weak rhoticity highlights the need for more robust phonetic measures distinguishing non-rhoticity from derhoticization, and to that end we consider the cue of post-vocalic frication. Overall, the results point to the need to conceptualize socioeconomic status as potentially fluid and changeable across the lifespan, thereby improving models of the relationship between social class and linguistic variation.

Social Class and Code Elaboration in Oral Communication

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent E. Poole ◽  
T. W. Field
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Class Groups ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Coding

The Bernstein thesis of elaborated and restricted coding orientation in oral communication was explored at an Australian tertiary institute. A working-class/middle-class dichotomy was established on the basis of parental occupation and education, and differences in overall coding orientation were found to be associated with social class. This study differed from others in the area in that the social class groups were contrasted in the totality of their coding orientation on the elaborated/restricted continuum, rather than on discrete indices of linguistic coding.

“The Whirl of Life” The Social Structure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Robert Reed
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Social

This chapter explores the intricacies of the first discernible class structure that conformed to normative standards of socioeconomic status in Chicago's history. Black Chicago developed a very small but distinguishable upper class, large segments within the broad middle classes, enormous laboring classes including industrial and service sector workers, and an underclass. The members of the upper class owned and managed businesses, chose housing commensurate with their status, consumed their disposable income with conspicuous delight, engaged in civic activities, and socially acted as a group apart from other segments of their racial cohort to which they traditionally held their primary social allegiance. The middle class focused on occupation, wealth production, educational attainment, cultural interests, and character. The working-class, however, formed the bulk of black Chicago's citizenry.

Charabancs and Social Class in 1930s Britain

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael John Law
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Class Mobility ◽  
Equivalent Motor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Separate Class

The renowned writer J. B. Priestley suggested in 1934 that the motor-coach had annihilated the old distinction between rich and poor passengers in Britain. This article considers how true this was by examining the relationship between charabancs, motor coaches and class. It shows that this important vehicle of inter-war working class mobility had a complicated relationship with class, identifying three distinct forms of this method of travel. It positions the charabanc alongside historical responses to unwelcome steamer and railway day-trippers, and examines how resorts provided separate class-based entertainment for these holidaymakers. Using the case study of a new charabanc-welcoming pub, the Prospect Inn, it proposes that, in the late 1930s, some pubs were beginning to offer charabanc customers facilities that were almost the match of their middle class equivalent. Motor coaches and charabancs contributed to the process of social convergence in inter-war Britain.

scholarly journals How does parental time relate to social class in a Nordic welfare state?

2021 ◽  
pp. 000169932110520
Author(s):  
Anne Lise Ellingsæter ◽  
Ragni Hege Kitterød ◽  
Marianne Nordli Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Parental Time ◽  
Childcare Time ◽  
Upper Middle Class ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Class Divisions ◽  
The Relationship

Time intensive parenting has spread in Western countries. This study contributes to the literature on parental time use, aiming to deepen our understanding of the relationship between parental childcare time and social class. Based on time-diary data (2010–2011) from Norway, and a concept of social class that links parents’ amount and composition of economic and cultural capital, we examine the time spent by parents on childcare activities. The analysis shows that class and gender intersect: intensive motherhood, as measured by time spent on active childcare, including developmental childcare activities thought to stimulate children's skills, is practised by all mothers. A small group of mothers in the economic upper-middle class fraction spend even more time on childcare than the other mothers. The time fathers spend on active childcare is less than mothers’, and intra-class divisions are notable. Not only lower-middle class fathers, but also cultural/balanced upper-middle class fathers spend the most time on intensive fathering. Economic upper-middle and working-class fathers spend the least time on childcare. This new insight into class patterns in parents’ childcare time challenges the widespread notion of different cultural childcare logics in the middle class, compared to the working class.

Divining the Social Order: Class, Gender, and Magazine Astrology Columns

1996 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Evans
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Women Readers ◽  
The Social

This content analysis compares the astrological advice offered in magazines targeted at working- and middle-class women. Readers' social class was a far better predictor than readers' zodiac sign of the nature of astrological advice offered. Working-class horoscopes were less likely than middle-class horoscopes to advise readers to travel and spend money. Working-class horoscopes were less likely than middle-class horoscopes to predict career-related advances and positive interactions with family, friends, and lovers. Readers of both classes were commonly advised to nurture others, be patient and cooperative, and avoid confrontations rather than assert themselves, but middle-class readers were encouraged more frequently than working-class readers to expect some autonomy.

Social-Class Differences on the Mc Carthy Scales for Black and White Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Kaufman ◽  
Nadeen L. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of social class to the cognitive and motor Indexes yielded by the McCarthy scales was explored for representative groups of black ( n = 154) and white ( n = 862) children aged 2½ to 8½ yr. For both racial groups, children categorized as middle class scored significantly higher than working-class youngsters on each of the six indexes. The pattern of mean Indexes for different occupational groups resembled the pattern of mean IQs found in previous studies.

scholarly journals Social Stratification and Health. Four Essays on the Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Präg
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between socioeconomic status, health, and wellbeing has puzzled researchers for decades. Individuals with higher education,a better job, or higher status, live longer and healthier. The four essaysin this book offer a fresh view on crucial aspects of this relationship.Drawing on data from more than fifty countries, the multidimensional natureof socioeconomic status is explored, not only covering objective indicatorsof socioeconomic status—education, income, occupational prestige—but alsoindividuals' subjective perceptions of socioeconomic status and statusdifferentials between doctors and patients. Furthermore, the essays analyzethe multilevel nature of social stratification, comparing differences inthe strength of the relationship between education and health across countriesand regions, as well as investigating the pathways by which income inequalityaffects health.

scholarly journals Class matters: the sociolinguistics ofgooseandgoatin Manchester English

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Baranowski
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Systematic Exploration ◽  
Internal Change

AbstractThis paper reports on patterns of sociolinguistic variation and change in Manchester'sgooseandgoatvowels on the basis of the acoustic analysis of 122 speakers, stratified by age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity.Goosefronting is an internal change showing little social differentiation, except before /l/ as inschoolandpool, where, in contrast to most other dialects of English,gooseshows advanced fronting inversely correlated with socioeconomic status.Goatfronting, on the other hand, is a change brought from outside the dialect by the highest status groups, displaying a pattern of monotonic social stratification, a female lead, and a strong effect of ethnicity. The role of attitudes toward the community in the realization of the vowels is compared with the effect of social class construed in terms of distances between social groups. Social class turns out to be a better predictor, suggesting that the role of attitudes and identity may be overestimated in research eschewing a systematic exploration of social class at the same time.

Doing Bodhisattva’s Work

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-32
Author(s):  
Le Hoang Anh Thu
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
The Social

This paper explores the charitable work of Buddhist women who work as petty traders in Hồ Chí Minh City. By focusing on the social interaction between givers and recipients, it examines the traders’ class identity, their perception of social stratification, and their relationship with the state. Charitable work reveals the petty traders’ negotiations with the state and with other social groups to define their moral and social status in Vietnam’s society. These negotiations contribute to their self-identification as a moral social class and to their perception of trade as ethical labor.

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