Social Stratification and Health. Four Essays on the Social Determinants of Health and Wellbeing

The relationship between socioeconomic status, health, and wellbeing has puzzled researchers for decades. Individuals with higher education,a better job, or higher status, live longer and healthier. The four essaysin this book offer a fresh view on crucial aspects of this relationship.Drawing on data from more than fifty countries, the multidimensional natureof socioeconomic status is explored, not only covering objective indicatorsof socioeconomic status—education, income, occupational prestige—but alsoindividuals' subjective perceptions of socioeconomic status and statusdifferentials between doctors and patients. Furthermore, the essays analyzethe multilevel nature of social stratification, comparing differences inthe strength of the relationship between education and health across countriesand regions, as well as investigating the pathways by which income inequalityaffects health.

Class, Gender, and Rhoticity: The Social Stratification of Non-Prevocalic /r/ in Edinburgh Speech

Journal of English Linguistics ◽

10.1177/0075424217718024 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 229-259 ◽

Author(s):

Victoria Dickson ◽

Lauren Hall-Lew

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Class ◽

Middle Class ◽

Working Class ◽

Social Stratification ◽

Acoustic Analysis ◽

The Social ◽

Analysis Of Variation ◽

Middle Aged Adults ◽

Despite the prominence of socioeconomic status as a factor in models of English variation, few studies have explicitly considered speakers whose social class status changed over their lifetime. This paper presents an auditory and acoustic analysis of variation in non-prevocalic /r/ among middle-aged adults from Edinburgh, Scotland. The speakers represent three groups: the Established Middle Class (EMC) and the Working Class (WC), both of which are characterized as socioeconomically non-mobile, and a third group we call the New Middle Class (NMC), comprising individuals born to working-class families and living middle-class lives at the time of data collection. The results demonstrate that realizations of /r/ have a significant correlation with socioeconomic status, and that the effect of class further interacts with gender. NMC speakers demonstrate the highest level of rhoticity of all three groups. In contrast, WC men show extensive derhoticization and deletion, while WC women show patterns of rhoticity that are more comparable to the NMC women. The EMC speakers show more non-rhoticity than either the NMC speakers or the WC women. A consideration of the indexical value of weak rhoticity highlights the need for more robust phonetic measures distinguishing non-rhoticity from derhoticization, and to that end we consider the cue of post-vocalic frication. Overall, the results point to the need to conceptualize socioeconomic status as potentially fluid and changeable across the lifespan, thereby improving models of the relationship between social class and linguistic variation.

Metapragmatic stereotypes about geographical diversity in Greece

Journal of Greek Linguistics ◽

10.1163/15699846-01801002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 124-154

Author(s):

Dimitris Papazachariou ◽

Anna Fterniati ◽

Argiris Archakis ◽

Vasia Tsami

Keyword(s):

Social Stratification ◽

Geographical Variation ◽

School Location ◽

Language Varieties ◽

The Past ◽

Rural Settings ◽

The Social ◽

Research Findings ◽

Children's Beliefs ◽

Abstract Over the past decades, contemporary sociolinguistics has challenged the existence of fixed and rigid linguistic boundaries, thus focusing on how the speakers themselves define language varieties and how specific linguistic choices end up being perceived as language varieties. In this light, the present paper explores the influence of metapragmatic stereotypes on elementary school pupils’ attitudes towards geographical varieties. Specifically, we investigate children’s beliefs as to the acceptability of geographical varieties and their perception of the overt and covert prestige of geographical varieties and dialectal speakers. Furthermore, we explore the relationship between the children’s specific beliefs and factors such as gender, the social stratification of the school location and the pupils’ performance in language subjects. The data of the study was collected via questionnaires with closed questions. The research findings indicate that the children of our sample associate geographical varieties with rural settings and informal communicative contexts. Moreover, children recognize a lack of overt prestige in geographical variation; at the same time, they evaluate positively the social attractiveness and the personal reliability of the geographical varieties and their speakers. Our research showed that pupils’ beliefs are in line with the dominant metapragmatic stereotypes which promote language homogeneity.

Las políticas supranacionales de educación superior ante la «tercera misión» de la Universidad: el caso del aprendizaje-servicio

Revista Española de Educación Comparada ◽

10.5944/reec.37.2021.27535 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 256

Author(s):

Juan García-Gutiérrez ◽

Carlos Corrales Gaitero

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Latin American ◽

Global Scale ◽

Third Mission ◽

Social Commitment ◽

Social Mission ◽

The Social ◽

American Citizenship ◽

The University ◽

The constant transformation that the institutions of higher education experiment and, particularly, the university assumes a re-consideration of their shapes, methodology, and missions, as well as the relationships established with society. Therefore, we shall consider that a “social mission” of the university or their “third mission” constitutes an umbrella that shelters a wide diversity of reflex conceptions, and at the same time, the relationship university – society. Additionally, take into consideration that this civic and social commitment in higher education should incorporate an integrator approach, involved with an idea of European or Latin-American citizenship, in any case, incorporated in the development of their supranational policies. Therefore, the objective of our work is double. On one side, to meet and analyze the notion of a “social mission” or “third mission” of the university and their conceptual network, to clarify the language and in which sense the different denominations are used, according to the different economical, sustainability or civic approaches to be adopted. Secondly, the treatment of these ideas will be addressed at the supranational policies of higher education both in Europe and Ibero America, according to what had been structured at the Higher Education European State and whether it has been promoted by the OEI. Also, it will be attended the way that this supranational policy aboard the civic and identity components, that linked to the social mission cooperate for the promotion of common citizenship. As a result of the analysis made we can affirm that the approach of the learning-service constitutes an emergent tendency on a global scale, appropriate to develop effectively the third mission or social mission of the university.

Give Them Fish or Teach Them to Fish? The Effects of Stability of Social Stratification and Forms of Help on Higher Socioeconomic Status Group Members’ Attitudes Towards Anti-Poverty Programs

Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology ◽

10.1017/prp.2018.6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Austin Jay P. Ferolino

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Stratification ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Theoretical Contribution ◽

Transfer Programs ◽

The Social ◽

Group Members ◽

The Stability ◽

Socioeconomic Status Group ◽

Social Identity Approach

Building on social identity approach and intergroup helping as status relations model, the current research examined the explored effects of stability of social stratification and forms of help on higher socioeconomic status (SES) members’ attitudes towards anti-poverty programs. Two studies were conducted in a 2 (social stratification stability) × 2 (forms of help) design on willingness to support anti-poverty programs. Study 1 examined the conditions of unstable and stable social stratification that might pattern differences in support of hypothetical anti-poverty programs construed as dependency-oriented or autonomy-oriented help. Study 2 replicated and extended study 1 by examining higher SES (subjective) participants’ attitudes towards the cash transfer programs (conditional vs. unconditional, which were determined by their perceptions of the stability of social stratification). Overall, the results of the two studies confirmed that attitudes towards anti-poverty programs could be construed as specific forms of help (dependency-oriented and/or autonomy-oriented help) depending on the nature of the intergroup relations (stability of the social stratification). Finally, the theoretical contribution of the current research is discussed.

Thy Will Be Done: Exploring the Longitudinal Rewards of Religious Group Membership Enactment During Volunteering

10.31234/osf.io/ev8jg ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Juliet Wakefield ◽

Mhairi Bowe ◽

Blerina Kellezi

Keyword(s):

Group Dynamics ◽

Online Survey ◽

Group Identification ◽

Religious Group ◽

Voluntary Work ◽

Health And Wellbeing ◽

Dynamic Relationship ◽

The Social ◽

The Relationship ◽

Social Identity Approach

The volunteering literature is replete with studies revealing the health benefits of volunteering. This has led psychologists to question whether social processes may help deliver these benefits while also supporting sustained volunteering engagement. The Social Identity Approach (SIA) recognises that volunteering takes place in groups, and sheds light on these processes by providing insights into group dynamics. Specifically, recent work within the Social Cure tradition has revealed the dynamic relationship between volunteering and group identification, and how this can influence health and wellbeing. This study extends previous work by exploring whether the relationship is mediated by the extent to which volunteers feel able to enact their membership of a valued group (specifically their religious group) through their volunteering. People who volunteer with religiously-motivated voluntary groups (N = 194) completed the same online survey twice, three months apart (T1/T2). For participants high in religiosity, T1 identification with their voluntary group positively predicted their sense of being able to enact the membership of their religious group through their voluntary work at T2, which in turn was a positive predictor of T2 mental health and volunteer engagement. The implications of these findings for both the theoretical literature and for voluntary organisations are discussed.

Developing a critical realist informed framework to explain how the human rights and social determinants of health relationship works

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7760-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fiona Haigh ◽

Lynn Kemp ◽

Patricia Bazeley ◽

Neil Haigh

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Social Determinants Of Health ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Critical Realism ◽

Determinants Of Health ◽

Construction Of Knowledge ◽

Critical Realist ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

The Social ◽

Abstract Background That there is a relationship between human rights and health is well established and frequently discussed. However, actions intended to take account of the relationship between human rights and social determinants of health have often been limited by lack of clarity and ambiguity concerning how these rights and determinants may interact and affect each other. It is difficult to know what to do when you do not understand how things work. As our own understanding of this consideration is founded on perspectives provided by the critical realist paradigm, we present an account of and commentary on our application of these perspectives in an investigation of this relationship. Findings We define the concept of paradigm and review critical realism and related implications for construction of knowledge concerning this relationship. Those implications include the need to theorise possible entities involved in the relationship together with their distinctive properties and consequential power to affect one another through exercise of their respective mechanisms (ways of working). This theorising work enabled us identify a complex, multi-layered assembly of entities involved in the relationship and some of the array of causal mechanisms that may be in play. These are presented in a summary framework. Conclusion Researchers’ views about the nature of knowledge and its construction inevitably influence their research aims, approaches and outcomes. We demonstrate that by attending to these views, which are founded in their paradigm positioning, researchers can make more progress in understanding the relationship between human rights and the social determinants of health, in particular when engaged in theorizing work. The same approaches could be drawn on when other significant relationships in health environments are investigated.

Prospective cohort study on the social determinants of health: Tehran University of Medical Sciences employees` cohort (TEC) study protocol

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-09798-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Saharnaz Nedjat ◽

Ramin Mehrdad ◽

Masud Yunesian ◽

Hamidreza Pouragha ◽

Vali Biagi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Occupational Health ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Occupational Exposures ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

The Social ◽

History Of

Abstract Background In this study, the association between the social determinants of health (SDH) as well as other health risk factors and outcomes will be evaluated at different socioeconomic layers. Methods/design This is a prospective cohort study that was launched in January 2018 on Tehran University of Medical Sciences’ employees. The initial enrolment phase will continue up to March 2021, or until a sample size of 5500 is reached. In addition to annual phone-calls, the participants will be followed thrice at 5-year intervals. Data are collected through blood and urine samples, complete physical examination, anthropometric evaluation, and the completion of questionnaires related to SDH, such as socioeconomic status and social capital, history of diseases, lifestyle (including, nutrition, physical activity, cigarette and hookah smoking), occupational exposures (including psychosocial factors at work and work-family conflicts), and different aspects of physical, mental and occupational health as health outcomes. The association between independent variables and health (objective or subjective) are examined using multiple models and by controlling the confounding effects. Moreover, the trend in lifestyle changes and its impact on health are evaluated. Discussion Our study will explore the key social determinants as well as other factors including socioeconomic status and social capital, history of diseases, lifestyle and occupational exposures that affect health. This will provide social and occupational health decision-makers and stakeholders with new and valuable evidence in an era in which we are witnessing huge changes in lifestyle.

Dolmen dan Struktur Sosial Masyarakat Tuhaha, Maluku Tengah

AMERTA ◽

10.24832/amt.v25i1.24-38 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 24-38

Author(s):

Marlon N.R. Ririmasse

Keyword(s):

Material Culture ◽

Social Structure ◽

Social Stratification ◽

Social Aspects ◽

The Social ◽

Abstract. Dolmen and the Social Structure of the Tuhaha Comunity in Central Malucca. This article further discusses the social aspects of dolmen function by analyzing the relationship between dolmen and social stratification in the ancient Tuhaha society. At the same time, this article also analyze how the social structure concept being transform into the form of dolmen as a material culture complete with all its symbolic attributes. Abstrak. Tulisan ini mencoba melihat aspek-aspek sosial dari fungsi dolmen dengan mengkaji hubungan antara dolmen dan stratifikasi sosial pada masyarakat desa Tuhaha Maluku Tengah. Saat yang sama mencoba untuk melihat bagaimana struktur sosial yang bersifat konseptual, diwujudkan dalam bentuk dolmen sebagai data materi dengan segenap atribut simboliknya.

Entry barriers and “Glass Roof” in University Management in Colombia

Cuadernos de Administración ◽

10.25100/cdea.v35i65.7892 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (65) ◽

pp. 18-30

Author(s):

Cristian Bedoya Dorado ◽

Mónica García-Solarte ◽

Juan Sebastián Peña-Zúñiga ◽

Steven Alejandro Piñeros Buriticá

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Social Role ◽

Institutions Of Higher Education ◽

University Management ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

The Social ◽

Management Positions ◽

The University ◽

Management in the context of higher education has been characterized by the predominance of male participation, mainly in senior management positions. As a result, women’s low participation is mainly concentrated in lower management positions, and their chances of escalating hierarchical positions are mediated by various factors ranging from subjective to socially naturalized. The objective of this research is to analyze the barriers women face to enter and escalate positions in university management in Colombia. Under a qualitative design, 26 semi-structured interviews were applied to university managers from different institutions of higher education in Colombia. The transcripts were analyzed using discourse analysis through three categories: individual, internal, and external barriers of the university. It was found that women face entry and promotion barriers marked by experiences, and conditions of inequality and discrimination in a male-dominated context. These barriers are conditioned by personal elements, organizational culture, and the social role of women. In addition, women’s trajectories involve mediation between professional development and family life. The study reveals experiences that contribute to understanding the research phenomenon from the webbing of senses and meanings. It is posited that the “glass ceiling” is mediated by variables in the internal order, and by the relationship between universities and their context.

Comparison of the effect of social background on the wages of Spanish graduates before and during a crisis context

International Journal of Sociology of Education ◽

10.17583/rise.2018.3210 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 154 ◽

Author(s):

Sandra Fachelli ◽

Dani Torrents

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Labour Market ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Social Background ◽

Social Origin ◽

Labour Market Situation ◽

Job Destruction ◽

The Social ◽

Market Situation ◽

The economic context may have modified the relationship between higher education and the labour market. The rise in university fees, the labour market situation and the behaviour of employers, families and students could activate social background as a differentiating factor in post-higher education occupational status. The objective of the present study is to analyze if the social origin affects the labor insertion of the graduates, measured through their income. The labor insertion of graduates is analyzed in 2011 (crisis period) and compared with 2005 (period of economic expansion).Two Spanish databases are used in this analysis: the 2005 and 2011 Living Conditions Survey. The results presented show no income inequality related to social class of graduates. Between 2005 and 2011 most unskilled occupations suffered job destruction, thus homogenizing to some extent the graduates who were working in 2011 and reducing the internal differences.