The Use of the World Health Organisation Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose Methodology in Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid S. Sketris ◽  
Colleen J. Metge ◽  
Jennifer L. Ross ◽  
Mary E. MacCara ◽  
Danna G. Comeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
The World ◽  
Daily Dose

scholarly journals The Relevance of Defined Daily Dose concept in Drug Utilisation Research: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4-S) ◽  
pp. 162-165
Author(s):  
Agnus Baiju ◽  
Rosmin Jacob ◽  
K. Krishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilisation ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Daily Dose

According to World Health Organisation (WHO), drug utilisation is defined as the marketing, distribution, prescription and the use of drugs in society with special focus on resulting medical, social and economic consequences and it has turned into a powerful scientific tool for ensuring the rational and cost-effective use of drugs. A standard method is required to identify and aggregate drug data. This manuscript provides an overview of the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the associated measure, Defined Daily Dose (DDD), as a methodology for evaluating drug utilisation. Keywords: Drug utilisation research, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, Defined Daily Dose, Rational drug use.

scholarly journals National Antimicrobial Consumption: Analysis of Central Warehouses Supplies to In-Patient Care Health Facilities from 2017 to 2019 in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Juliet Sanyu Namugambe ◽  
Alexandre Delamou ◽  
Francis Moses ◽  
Engy Ali ◽  
Veerle Hermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
National Medical ◽  
The World ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Care Health ◽  
Health Organization

Antimicrobial consumption (AMC) surveillance at global and national levels is necessary to inform relevant interventions and policies. This study analyzed central warehouse antimicrobial supplies to health facilities providing inpatient care in Uganda. We collected data on antimicrobials supplied by National Medical Stores (NMS) and Joint Medical Stores (JMS) to 442 health facilities from 2017 to 2019. Data were analyzed using the World Health Organization methodology for AMC surveillance. Total quantity of antimicrobials in defined daily dose (DDD) were determined, classified into Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) and AMC density was calculated. There was an increase in total DDDs distributed by NMS in 2019 by 4,166,572 DDD. In 2019, Amoxicillin (27%), Cotrimoxazole (20%), and Metronidazole (12%) were the most supplied antimicrobials by NMS while Doxycycline (10%), Amoxicillin (19%), and Metronidazole (10%) were the most supplied by JMS. The majority of antimicrobials supplied by NMS (81%) and JMS (66%) were from the Access category. Increasing antimicrobial consumption density (DDD per 100 patient days) was observed from national referral to lower-level health facilities. Except for NMS in 2019, total antimicrobials supplied by NMS and JMS remained the same from 2017 to 2019. This serves as a baseline for future assessments and monitoring of stewardship interventions.

scholarly journals Analyzing Antidiabetes Drug Prescriptions With World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose Index to Assess Drug Utilization Pattern in Elderly Population of Rural Eastern India

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 117739361770334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Lahiry ◽  
Avijit Kundu ◽  
Ayan Mukherjee ◽  
Shouvik Choudhury ◽  
Rajasree Sinha
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Drug Utilization ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To analyze drug utilization (DU) pattern of antidiabetes drug (ADD) prescription in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural West Bengal based on 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) Index. Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Prescription data of 600 elderly patients (age > 60 years) attending outpatient clinic were screened over 12 months (January 2015 to January 2016) from 5 different rural hospitals in West Bengal. Pooled data were sorted and classified in accordance with 2016 ATC/DDD WHO Index. Direct cost associated and consumption of ADD were measured as DDD/1000 patients/day. The adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to antidiabetic medicines were monitored. Results: During the study period, mean age of patients recorded was 66.4 ± 5.0 years, with 66.6% (n = 396) having history of T2DM > 5 years. Follow-up encounters (n = 2328) revealed metformin (94.67%), sulfonylureas (SUs) (50.54%), pioglitazone (24.22%), voglibose (22.50%), insulin (9.75%), and acarbose (6.82%) to be more prevalent, constituting DU 90% (92.01%). Combination of metformin plus SU was recorded in most of the patients (56%). Insulin, however, was found to be an underutilized class ( P < .005). The DDD/1000 patients/day of metformin (2.918), glimepiride (1.577), and gliclazide (0.069) conformed to 2016 WHO ATC/DDD Index. The total ADD consumption during study period was 5.03 DDD/1000 patients/day. The average drug cost per encounter per day was Rs 11.24 ± 2.01. Nineteen ADRs were reported and their descriptions were found to be of hypoglycemia (n = 9), pedal edema (n = 2), and gastrointestinal upsets (n = 8). Target glycemic status was achieved in 40% monthly follow-up encounters. Low-store drug availability and poor compliance to treatment (>60%) were major determinants. Lack of regular aerobic exercises (>85%) and proper knowledge regarding medical nutrition therapy (MNT) (>80%) and low average consultation time (3.5 ± 0.6 minutes) were important contributing factors. Conclusions: The study exhibited increased utilization of 2 drug combinations of oral ADD and lower utilization of insulin during study period. Such inferences merit further exploration.

scholarly journals Gambaran Penggunaan Antibiotik di Bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUD Bangil Kabupaten Pasuruan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Sinta Rachmawati ◽  
Rizki Laili Fazeri ◽  
Ika Norcahyanti
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Health Organization

<p>Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat akan berdampak terhadap terjadinya resistansi. Oleh karena itu, studi penggunaan antibiotik perlu dilakukan di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, termasuk rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan antibiotik di bangsal penyakit dalam Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Bangil Kabupaten Pasuruan dengan menggunakan metode<em> Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical</em> (ATC)/<em>Defined Daily Dose</em> (DDD). ATC/DDD adalah metode perhitungan penggunaan antibiotik secara kuantitatif yang direkomendasikan oleh <em>World Health Organization</em> (WHO). Pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif menggunakan sumber data excel berupa rekapitulasi rekam medik. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien rawat inap dewasa di bangsal penyakit dalam sepanjang tahun 2017. Sejumlah 973 data dari keseluruhan populasi memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisis data dilakukan berdasarkan pada karakteristik pasien, profil antibiotik dan perhitungan kuantitatif dengan metode ATC/DDD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa golongan antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan adalah golongan sefalosporin sebesar 51,41%, sedangkan jenis antibiotik yang paling banyak diresepkan yaitu ceftriaxone dengan jumlah sebesar 25,86%. DDD/100 <em>patient-days</em> tertingi adalah ceftriaxone dengan nilai 27,79 DDD/100 <em>patient-days</em>. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan dengan menggunakan metode Gyssens untuk mengetahui rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotik.</p>

scholarly journals Drug utilization pattern among geriatrics according to anatomical therapeutic chemical and defined daily dose classification in a tertiary care hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1989
Author(s):  
T. Muneswar Reddy ◽  
Thammi Setty Durga Prasad ◽  
Allikesam Hemalatha ◽  
Vanam Chanukya ◽  
Bandi Lakshmi Sirisha
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilization ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Utilization Pattern ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Daily Dose

Background: This study was conducted to determine the drug utilization pattern among geriatric inpatients in general medicine department of the hospital.Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted for a period of six months (November 2016 to April 2017) among 200 geriatric patients; demographic details, education, occupation, diagnosis and drug details were recorded. The drugs were categorized by anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC) and defined daily dose (DDD) was calculated. The World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators were assessed.Results: The majority of the patients (59%) were in age group of 60-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases were common among geriatrics. Most commonly prescribed drug was Pantoprazole (81.7%). Drugs were assigned with ATC/DDD codes according to the guidelines of WHO. Drugs prescribed by their generic names were 56.64% and 43% of drugs that were included in the National Essential Medicines List.Conclusions: Clinical pharmacist have to collaborate and work together with physicians in selecting and adjusting the dose among geriatric population in order to reduce development of potential adverse drug reactions, serious drug related complications and drug interaction.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in Kazakhstan for the Period 2017–2019 Based on WHO Access, Watch and Reserve Classification (AWaRe 2019)

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Gulzira Zhussupova ◽  
Dinara Utepova ◽  
Galiya Orazova ◽  
Saule Zhaldybayeva ◽  
Galina Skvirskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the consumption of antibiotics for systemic use reimbursed by the state in Kazakhstan for 2017–2019 with the Access, Watch, and Reserve classification (AWaRe 2019) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The evaluation of the consumption of antibiotics for systemic use in Kazakhstan for 2017–2019 was carried out using the ATC/DDD methodology in accordance with the WHO AWaRe classification. The study used data on all antibiotics that were centrally purchased by a single purchaser during the study period. To understand how often Access group antibiotics are taken in Kazakhstan, the top-10 most consumed antibiotics were additionally studied. The results of a comparative analysis of the antibiotics for systemic use consumption for 2017–2019 by the Access, Watch, and Reserve groups showed a negative trend of a decrease in the consumption of Access group drugs from 1.17 defined daily dose (DDDs) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) (39%) in 2017 to 0.59 DID (30%) in 2019. There is an increase in consumption of Watch group antibiotics from 1.84 DID (61%) in 2017 to 1.37 DID (68%) in 2019, as well as an increase in consumption of Reserve antibiotics from 0.001 DID (0.03%) to 0.4 DID (2.11%). In recent years in Kazakhstan, there has been a decrease in the consumption of Access group antibiotics. In addition, the Watch group antibiotics are widely consumed with a certain upward trend. In 2019, one Reserve antibiotic was included in the top-10 most commonly consumed antibiotics. There is a predominant consumption of parenteral forms of antibiotics for systemic use in the country.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC USE IN 2018 AT THE KEBAYORAN BARU PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, INDONESIA, USING THE ANATOMICAL THERAPEUTIC CHEMICAL/DEFINED DAILY DOSE METHOD

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-82
Author(s):  
LARASATI ARRUM KUSUMAWARDANI ◽  
ATIKA WAHYU PUSPITASARI ◽  
VANNISA NABILLA WIDYANTARI
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Oral Antibiotics ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Daily Dose

Objective: The abnormally high use of antibiotics can indicate irrational prescribing. One of the ways by which to support rationally prescribingantibiotics is by evaluating their frequency of use. This study aimed to evaluate the use of antibiotics in 2018 by outpatients at the Kebayoran BaruPrimary Health Care of Indonesia.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional and descriptive design. Data were collected retrospectively from sampling outpatient records. The data wereon oral antibiotics prescribed in 2018 at Kebayoran Baru Primary Health Care. There were 10,553 prescriptions for oral antibiotics used as the studysamples. Both quantitative and qualitative evaluations were conducted. The quantitative evaluations were conducted using the method recommendedby the World Health Organization, namely, the anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose (DDD), and the qualitative evaluations wereconducted using the 90% drug utilization (DU 90%) method and the suitability of antibiotic use with the list of drugs in the Indonesian nationalformulary for the first-level health facilities (FKTP).Results: Three of the antibiotics used most often were amoxicillin at 0.9358 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d, ciprofloxacin at 0.4940 DDD/1000inhabitants/d, and cefadroxil at 0.1983 DDD/1000 inhabitants/d. The drugs within the DU 90% segment were amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefadroxil,and thiamphenicol. There was 70% compatibility of antibiotic use with Indonesian national formulary for the FKTP.Conclusion: We suggest that the use of antibiotics at Kebayoran Baru Primary Health Care tended to be on the high side and not in accordance withnational guidelines.

scholarly journals Radical cystectomy: Analysis of postoperative course

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 649-652
Author(s):  
Dimitrije Jeremic ◽  
Sasa Vojinov ◽  
Goran Marusic ◽  
Ivan Levakov ◽  
Srdjan Zivojinov
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Radical Cystectomy ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Postoperative Course ◽  
Clinical Center ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Blood Utilization ◽  
Health Organization

Background/Aim. Radical cystectomy is a method of choice in the therapy of infiltrative bladder cancer. The aim of this research was to analyze postoperative course after radical cystectomy (length of hospitalization, most frequent complications and utilization of antibiotics and transfusions). Methods. We analyzed the records of 82 patients operated on in the Department of Urology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, in a three-year period. In order to aquire data World Health Organization (WHO) has developed Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology. Defined daily dose (DDD) is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug use for its main indication. Results. Continent urinary derivation was preformed in 23.15% cases. Postoperative complications occurred in 18.29% of patients. Average blood utilization was 2.19 units. Blood utilization for continent derivations (n = 48) was 4.6 units, and incontinent ones 3.36 units. Totally 159.33 DDD/100 bed days were used. Conclusion. When preforming continent derivation there is a significant increase in blood utilization. Frequency of postoperative complications correlates to those reported in the literature.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

Comparative docking of SARS-CoV-2 receptors antagonists from repurposing drugs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micael Davi Lima de Oliveira ◽  
Kelson Mota Teixeira de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Receptors ◽  
Theoretical Results

According to the World Health Organisation, until 16 June, 2020, the number of confirmed and notified cases of COVID-19 has already exceeded 7.9 million with approximately 434 thousand deaths worldwide. This research aimed to find repurposing antagonists, that may inhibit the activity of the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as partially modulate the ACE2 receptors largely found in lung cells, and reduce viral replication by inhibiting Nsp12 RNA polymerase. Docking molecular simulations were performed among a total of 60 structures, most of all, published in the literature against the novel coronavirus. The theoretical results indicated that, in comparative terms, paritaprevir, ivermectin, ledipasvir, and simeprevir, are among the most theoretical promising drugs in remission of symptoms from the disease. Furthermore, also corroborate indinavir to the high modulation in viral receptors. The second group of promising drugs includes remdesivir and azithromycin. The repurposing drugs HCQ and chloroquine were not effective in comparative terms to other drugs, as monotherapies, against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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