Disaggregating Homicide: Changing Trends in Subtypes over Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1650-1668
Author(s):  
Sara Skott
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Policy Theory ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Multilevel Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Absolute Decrease ◽  
Over Time

Due to the heterogeneity of homicide, certain subtypes of homicide might have remained stable or even increased over time in the overall context of decline. Adding to the research attempting to identify a standardized classification system of homicide, this study used a novel, sophisticated statistical approach (multilevel latent class analysis [MLCA]) and an inductive theoretical stance to identify subtypes of homicide in Scotland and to examine how these types have changed over time. Using variables relating to the victim, offender, and the incident of homicide, four between-level types with three within-level classes of offenders in each type were identified. The findings showed that while all homicide types demonstrated an absolute decrease, domestic homicides had demonstrated a relative increase over time. Implications for policy, theory, and practice are discussed.

‘Virtue’, ‘Citizen Character’ and ‘Social Environment’: Social Theory and Agency in Social Policy since 1830

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN OFFER
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Policy Theory ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Over Time

This article takes a fresh look at the intellectual context of the poor law in Britain and Ireland from the 1830s to the 1930s, and is focused on the different conceptions over time of the ‘service user’ as agent (drawing on Le Grand) in relation to a fundamental contrast between social theory which is ‘non-idealist’ and ‘idealist’ (drawing on Harris). It first examines the ideas of liberal tories, rather than Benthamites, in remodelling the poor law in England and introducing it to Ireland in the 1830s. Second, it explicitly draws a contrast between idealist and non-idealist social thought, relating it to the idealist nature of both the majority and minority reports on the poor law of 1909 and to the non-idealist thought of Spencer and the earlier discussion. The subsequent dominance of idealist thought in social policy theory and practice is then reviewed, considering Titmuss on agency, the ‘rediscovery’ of informal care in the 1970s as evidence of a shift to the non-idealist perspective that people can act as rational agents for their own well-being, and the resurgent influence of idealist thought on ‘New Labour’. The article concludes that links identified between ideas of agency and types of social theory since the 1830s enhance our understanding of debates today.

The Moving Missions of Community Colleges: An Examination of Degree-Granting Profiles Over Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sondra N. Barringer ◽  
Ozan Jaquette
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Actual Degree ◽  
Multilevel Latent Class Analysis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Stable Degree ◽  
Over Time

Objective: Despite extensive debate about the curricular mission of community colleges, prior research has not sufficiently analyzed differences in the kinds of degrees (i.e., the field of study and award level) community colleges produce. Therefore, we explore both the fields of study and the levels at which public community colleges grant degrees and analyze how this has changed over time. Method: Multilevel latent class analysis is used here to estimate latent degree-granting profiles, and colleges are allocated into the profiles based on their observed degree-granting behaviors from 1987 to 2012. Results: The analysis shows that public community colleges can be allocated into five distinct degree-granting profiles over the period of study. A small minority of colleges have and continue to engage almost exclusively in a vocational mission. The two degree profiles that increased in prominence over time suggest an overall shift toward the simultaneous pursuit of transfer and vocational missions. However, a majority of colleges (68%) exhibited stable degree-granting behaviors between 1987 and 2012, indicating a relatively high level of stability in degree-granting patterns across community colleges during this period. Contribution: These patterns highlight variation across colleges and both stability and change within institutions over time. This suggests that public community colleges are simultaneously situated in strong institutional and technical environments and, thus, are subject to constraints and incentives that shape not only their stated policies but also their actual degree-granting behaviors.

UN-BLURRING THE MYTHS AND REALITIES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
T N Sithole ◽  
Kgothatso B Shai
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Children's Rights ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Children’S Rights ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Great Awareness ◽  
Policy Theory ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The Status ◽  
Customary Practices

Awareness of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW 1979) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989) is relatively high within academic and political circles in South Africa and elsewhere around the world. In South Africa, this can be ascribed mainly to the powerful women’s lobby movements represented in government and academic sectors. Women and children’s issues have been especially highlighted in South Africa over the last few years. In this process, the aforementioned two international human rights instruments have proved very useful. There is a gender desk in each national department. The Office on the Status of Women and the Office on Child Rights have been established within the Office of the President, indicating the importance attached to these institutions. These offices are responsible for co-ordinating governmental efforts towards the promotion and protection of women and children’s rights respectively, including the two relevant treaties. Furthermore, there is also a great awareness amongst non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in respect of CEDAW and CRC. This can be ascribed mainly to the fact that there is a very strong women’s NGO lobby and NGOs are actively committed to the promotion of children’s rights. Women are increasingly vocal and active within the politics of South Africa, but the weight of customary practices remains heavy. The foregoing is evident of the widening gap between policy theory and practice in the fraternity of vulnerable groups – children and women in particular.

G. Lukács, “Techeniye” and Stalinism

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Vladimir Y. Bystrov ◽  
Vladimir M. Kamnev
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
The Political ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Political Criticism ◽  
Political Views ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Over Time

The article discusses the attitude of Georg Lukács and his adherents who formed a circle “Techeniye” (lit. “current”) toward the phenomenon of Stalinism. Despite the political nature of the topic, the authors are aspired to provide an unbiased research. G. Lukács’ views on the theory and practice of Stalinism evolved over time. In the 1920s Lukács welcomes the idea of creation of socialism in one country and abandons the former revolutionary ideas expressed in his book History and Class Consciousness. This turn is grounded by new interpretation of Hegel as “realistic” thinker whose “realism” was shown in the aspiration to find “reconciliation” with reality (of the Prussian state) and in denial of any utopias. The philosophical evolution leading to “realism” assumes integration of revolutionaries into the hierarchy of existing society. The article “Hölderlin’s Hyperion” represents attempt to justify Stalinism as a necessary and “progressive” phase of revolutionary development of the proletariat. Nevertheless, events of the second half of the 1930s (mass repressions, the peace treaty with Nazi Germany) force Lukács to realize the catastrophic nature of political strategy of Stalinism. In his works, Lukács ceases to analyze political topics and concentrates on problems of aesthetics and literary criticism. However, his aesthetic position allows to reconstruct the changed political views and to understand why he had earned the reputation of the “internal opponent” to Stalinism. After 1956, Lukács turns to political criticism of Stalinism, which nevertheless remains unilateral. He sees in Stalinism a kind of the left sectarianism, the theory and practice of the implementation of civil war measures in the era of peaceful co-existence of two systems.

Abstract 14652: Systolic Blood Pressure Trajectories and Cardiovascular Outcomes in SPRINT

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A German ◽  
Tali Elfassy ◽  
Matthew J Singleton ◽  
Carlos J Rodriguez ◽  
Walter T Ambrosius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Average Blood Pressure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Blood pressure trajectories have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in observational studies. It is unclear whether these associations are independent of average blood pressure over time. Methods: We used data from SPRINT to identify systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories among a cohort of 8901 participants by incorporating SBP measures during the first 12 months of the trial post randomization. Trajectories were identified using latent class based modeling. Study outcomes included incident CVD, defined as myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome not resulting in myocardial infarction, stroke, acute decompensated heart failure, or death attributable to CVD, and all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations between SBP trajectories and our outcomes of interest. Results: Four distinct SBP trajectories were identified: ‘low decline’ (40%), ‘high decline’ (6%), ‘low stable’ (48%), and ‘high stable’ (5%) (Figure 1). Relative to the low decline group, the low stable group was associated with a 29% increased risk of CVD (HR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.06-1.57) and the high stable group was associated with a 76% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.76, 95%CI: 1.15-2.68) after baseline multivariable adjustment. Relative to the low stable group, the high stable group was associated with a 54% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.54, 95%CI: 1.05-2.28). When adjusting for average blood pressure across the 12 month time period, there were no significant differences in outcomes. Conclusion: We identified 4 SBP trajectories using data from SPRINT and found differences in the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality after baseline adjustment. However, there were no differences in the risk of these outcomes after adjusting for average blood pressure over time. These results suggest that the pattern of blood pressure control may not be relevant as long as the target blood pressure is achieved.

Six-year longitudinal course and outcomes of subtypes of depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 208 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Lamers ◽  
A. T. F. Beekman ◽  
A. M. van Hemert ◽  
R. A. Schoevers ◽  
B. W. J. H. Penninx
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Longitudinal Course ◽  
Baseline Severity ◽  
Depressive Subtypes ◽  
Depression Subtypes ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundClinical and aetiological heterogeneity have impeded our understanding of depression.AimsTo evaluate differences in psychiatric and somatic course between people with depression subtypes that differed clinically (severity) and aetiologically (melancholic v. atypical).MethodData from baseline, 2-, 4- and 6-year follow-up of The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were used, and included 600 controls and 648 people with major depressive disorder (subtypes: severe melancholic n = 308; severe atypical n = 167; moderate n = 173, established using latent class analysis).ResultsThose with the moderate subtype had a significantly better psychiatric clinical course than the severe melancholic and atypical subtype groups. Suicidal thoughts and anxiety persisted longer in those with the melancholic subtype. The atypical subtype group continued to have the highest body mass index and highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome during follow-up, although differences between groups became less pronounced over time.ConclusionsCourse trajectories of depressive subtypes mostly ran parallel to each other, with baseline severity being the most important differentiator in course between groups.

An Interview with Diego Napolitani

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-389
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Tapparo
Keyword(s):  
Group Analysis ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
Training And Supervision

This paper takes the form of the verbatim content of an interview with Diego Napolitani. It focuses on developments in group analysis, both in theory and practice, and how these relate to training and supervision. The author reports on Diego Napolitani's views on changes he has witnessed in patients, in groups and changing trends over the past 40 years, as well as looking ahead to what group analysis can offer today's society.

scholarly journals Primary students’ conceptions of the Earth: Re-examining a fundamental research hypothesis on mental models

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Vaiopoulou ◽  
George Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Primary Students ◽  
Latent Class Analyses ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Definite Answer ◽  
Fundamental Research

Research on pupils’ conceptions of the earth has proposed certain mental models within the theoretical perspective known as coherent or theory-like knowledge. Alternatively, the fragmented knowledge hypothesis refutes the existence of such models and proposes a different perspective. Although the relevant discussion has not been converged in to a definite answer, recently, the debate between the two theories has been brought up into consideration by the advances in methodology and statistical analysis. In this paper pupils’ conceptions of the earth were analyzed by latent class analyses. Children’s ideas (N=184, grades 1st to 3rd), were investigated using a closed-ended questionnaire, which includes illustrations corresponding to certain mental models. The results showed that pupils’ conceptions of the earth are not characterized by consistency and thus they do not support the existence of coherent mental models. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

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