The New Economic Policy and Permanent Migration in Zhejiang Province, China

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiushi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of economic reforms on the volume and characteristics of permanent migration in Zhejiang Province, China. The data suggest that the new economic policy induced a surge in permanent migration during the post-reform years. Such positive impact of the reform on permanent migration has started to fade away in 1985, as government relaxed its control over residence. Moreover, market mechanisms started playing a more important role in employment, exchange, and consumption. The data also suggest that the new economic policy has particularly favored the better educated, and thereby increased educational differentials between permanent migrants and nonmigrants. For all other characteristics examined, the results show consistently that post-reform migrants are less differentiated from nonmigrants than their pre-reform counterparts.

Pyrrhic Victories

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Baberowski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
The Military

This chapter examines the aftermath of the Bolsheviks' victory over both the Whites, or counterrevolutionaries, and all rival socialists. The Bolsheviks broke the military resistance of the Whites, crushed the unrest and strikes of the peasants, and even restored the multiethnic empire, which, in the early months of revolution, had largely fallen apart. In spring 1921, when the Red Army marched into Georgia, the Civil War was officially over. For the Bolsheviks, however, military victory was not the end but rather the beginning of a mission, not simply to shake the world but to transform it. Although weapons may have decided the war in favor of the revolutionaries they had not settled the question of power. This chapter considers Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) that would implement economic reforms, the Bolsheviks' failure to carry power into villages, and the dictatorship's lack of support from the proletariat. It also describes the nationalization of the Russian empire and Joseph Stalin's rise to power.

The Effect of Culture and Product Categories on the Level of Use of Buy-It-Now (BIN) Auctions by Sellers

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
Kevin K.W. Ho ◽  
Byungjoon Yoo ◽  
Seunghee Yu ◽  
Kar Yan Tam
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

While previous studies on buy-it-now (BIN) auctions focus on the impact of BIN format on economic performances, our study focuses on factors that affect the level of use of BIN auctions by sellers. We propose a conceptual model where culture and product categories are two important factors on the level of use of BIN auctions. Our empirical investigation shows that the level of use of BIN auctions can be explained by the Hofstede Cultural Dimensions. While power distance brings a positive impact, uncertainty avoidance and individualism bring negative impacts on the level of use of BIN auctions by sellers of different countries. Our result also shows that the level of use of BIN auctions by sellers increases with the ease of judging product quality. Our results provide valuable insights for marketplace operators to refine their business strategies and market mechanisms for expanding their businesses to overseas markets.

Relationship between Inward FDI and Exports: Evidence from India

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Bedi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Economic Relationship ◽  
Trade And Investment

The economic reforms that were ushered in during 1991 have greatly contributed to the growth of exports in India. After pursuing, import substitution strategy for nearly four decades, India adopted export led growth strategy in 1991. The new economic policy removed all sorts of restrictions on international trade and investment giving green signal to FDI inflows. Consequently, India experienced significant increase in FDI inflows in the last two decades. This paper has two objectives. First, it investigates the trends of FDI inflows and exports in India during the period 1980 to 2011. Secondly, it attempts to examine the economic relationship between FDI inflows and export growth in India for the same period using the Granger causality test. The study found bi-directional causality between inward FDI and exports. Hence, policies attracting FDI should be implemented to further boost India’ exports.

The Problem of Market Relations and the State in Revolutionary Russia

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Rosetta Stone ◽  
Western Discourse ◽  
Market Relations

If the market has emerged in current Soviet and Western discourse as a notional Rosetta stone capable of deciphering the coded blueprints of post-Soviet reconstruction, its apparent destruction by the Bolsheviks during the Civil War and subsequent resurrection under the New Economic Policy (NEP) is often seen as a similarly defining element of the whole early Soviet project. As many would have it, the party's initial urge to control entirely the whole complex of economic exchange relations firmly situates Soviet totalitarianism in a Leninist political economy. The brutal repression of free traders and the mindless nationalization of production clearly evidences the calamitous utopianism of Bolshevik class-based ideology, while the reemergence after 1921 of limited market mechanisms, even if only a reluctant concession to political weakness and economic devastation, opened alternative paths to a non-Stalinist Soviet modernity involving elements of a civil social order. In a phrase, reified conceptions of the market broadly shape historical constructions of a unique and problematic Soviet past, just as they purportedly demonstrate what is peculiar about the post-Soviet present and necessary for the future.

scholarly journals The Impact of Economic Policy Reforms on Labour and the Nigerian Civil Society: A Stakeholders’ Dialectics

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Sola Fajana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Sense Of Ownership ◽  
The People ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of current reforms on labour and the civil society in Nigeria. The targeted outcome of the reforms essentially is to reduce poverty and generally improve the lot of the people. It is therefore significant to examine the extent to which the reforms are affecting, positively or negatively, the Nigerian people. This paper therefore provides an overview of the extent to which stakeholders in the Nigerian project are variously affected by current economic reforms, their reactions and the ways in which future policy reforms should be approached. The paper relies on reviews of archival materials and focal interviews of relevant groups to provide insightful information. It was found that reactions have been largely impulsive, lacking coherent future follow-through actions to consolidate initial gains. It is now learnt from lessons of experience that reforms must be appropriate, timely but not impulsive, and well-articulated to achieve the targeted results. It is recommended that policy reforms should be jointly initiated, considered and driven by all constituents to the Nigerian project, to achieve a sense of ownership and high volume commitment.

scholarly journals A Study on Customer Satisfaction towards Banking Service

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Aamir Jamal
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Proxy Variable ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
Banking Service ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of new economic reforms of 1991 on Indian economy in general and GDP growth rate in particular. From the trend analysis of GDP and its major determinants, it was found that all variables performed really well in the post reform period in contrast to the pre reform period. The regression analysis confirmed that the GDP growth of India is significantly affected by imports and surprisingly FDI inflows were found to be insignificant. A dummy variable which was incorporated as a proxy variable for economic reforms of 1991 was found to be positive and significant which asserted that the economic reforms had made a positive impact on GDP growth of India. To enhance the GDP growth, the imports should be further enhanced; the composition of imports should be directed towards capital goods rather than consumer goods imports. Distribution of FDI should be organized in a systematic and coherent manner and should not be just directed towards white goods industries which cater the needs of rich sections of society. Some portion of FDI inflows should be directed towards smaller projects, (unregistered manufacturing) which in country like India augments employment levels thereby increasing the production and productivity. Finally, in order to boost the GDP growth in India it is argued that the important constituents of GDP should be further promoted through liberal policies in a systematic manner.

scholarly journals MARKETS OF GEORGIAN AGRO-FOOD PRODUCTS AND EXPORT STIMULATING ECONOMIC POLICY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Eteri Kharaishvili ◽  
Ia Natsvlishvili
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The article substantiates the importance of the development of food markets in the solution of food security problem. It is argued that the tendency of demand for food has an increasing trend and the development of food markets still remains one of the most important challenges of contemporary world. The study analyzes the markets of Georgian agro- food products and studies the modern challenges in these markets. Comparative analysis of Georgian and Spanish food markets is conducted. The article estimates the positive and negative trends of export of Georgian agro-food products as well as the possibilities of diversification of products in the food markets. According to “The Impact-Immediacy” matrix the hindering factors of Georgian agro products export are identified. Using the «Priority Scheme» the priorities of economic policy stimulating the export of agro-food products are revealed. In terms of geographical orientation of the export the possibilities of diversification of food markets are discussed, especially in European markets. The conclusion is made that, in general, European food market is characterized by the growing tendency. However, in these markets there is no similar tendency for Georgian agro-food products. According to the study of the share of Georgian products and export growth rates in different countries the positive correlation between these variables is determined. But this circumstance is not considered to be sufficient for the positive impact on the economic growth. The conclusion is made that using effective mechanisms of export stimulation allows the diversification of export of Georgian agro products on the traditional but growing food markets on the one hand and on the other hand the expansion of geographical area of export markets.

Principal factors, influencing economic re-organization in the Soviet State in the NEP period

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
N.V. Kartamysheva ◽  
◽  
E.V. Dolzhenkova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Credit System ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Economic Transformations

Examined is the historical experience of our country, which in the difficult post-war years took the path of transformations and reforms, later they became an impetus for progress and development. The aim of the article is to identify the reasons, conditions, results and results of economic transformations during the NEP period. Highlighted are the main areas of activity of the Soviet state in the framework of economic reforms during the NEP period. In the process of writing the article, the historical-theoretical method was used. In addition, general scientific methods were applied, i.e. analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, the method of an integrated approach and others. This article analyzed the economic reforms carried out by the Soviet state during the New Economic Policy and summed up the results of these reforms. In addition, the factors influencing economic transformations were identified, and the successes and failures that the Bolshevik authorities had to face on the path of economic reforms during the NEP were considered. The authors conclusion is made, that the results of the New Economic Policy include the emergence of financially independent enterprises, overcoming the state budget deficit, the formation of the ruble as a hard convertible currency and the formation of the Soviet credit system. At the same time, the NEP was characterized by the rejection of the harsh methods of war communism and attempts to establish market relations. However, the bureaucratic leadership, which did not accept this relationship, remained.

scholarly journals The New Economic Policy: Dimensions of the Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-730
Author(s):  
Vladimir Il`inykh ◽  
Sergey Sharapov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Spatial Factor ◽  
History Of

In September 2021 Novosibirsk hosted The All-Russian Scientific Conference «Russian Economic Reforms in Regional Terms», which was organized with financial support from the fund «Istoria Otechestva» («History of Motherland»). The conference resulted in setting the objective to study the stages of economic reforms, which took place in the territory of Russia and its regions in the late 19th and early 20th century. Another task of the conference was to observe the general and specific influence of spatial factor on the intensions, implementations and results of the reforms. Researchers from different Russian cities presented their findings on agrarian colonization and development of the regions, economic policy and reforming strategies, as well as on changes in the economic governance systems. Since the conference was dedicated to the 100-th anniversary of the NEP, it paid special attention to scientific understanding of general patterns and specific features of the NEP implementation. The review provides information on the main reports and papers, related to the NEP topic. It also presented a summary of the debates, which took place at the round table «The NEP: Results and Research Perspectives».

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