Emotion Decoding and Incidental Processing Fluency as Antecedents of Attitude Certainty

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 924-939
Author(s):  
John V. Petrocelli ◽  
Melanie B. Whitmire
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Attitude Certainty ◽  
Emotion Decoding ◽  
The Social ◽  
Resistance To Persuasion

Previous research demonstrates that attitude certainty influences the degree to which an attitude changes in response to persuasive appeals. In the current research, decoding emotions from facial expressions and incidental processing fluency, during attitude formation, are examined as antecedents of both attitude certainty and attitude change. In Experiment 1, participants who decoded anger or happiness during attitude formation expressed their greater attitude certainty, and showed more resistance to persuasion than participants who decoded sadness. By manipulating the emotion decoded, the diagnosticity of processing fluency experienced during emotion decoding, and the gaze direction of the social targets, Experiment 2 suggests that the link between emotion decoding and attitude certainty results from incidental processing fluency. Experiment 3 demonstrated that fluency in processing irrelevant stimuli influences attitude certainty, which in turn influences resistance to persuasion. Implications for appraisal-based accounts of attitude formation and attitude change are discussed.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural features of eye movements in perception of persons of different races

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.I. Ananyeva ◽  
I.A. Basyul ◽  
A.A. Demidov
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Oculomotor Activity ◽  
Cultural Features

We studied eye movements of Russians and Tuvans during free viewing and during assessment of individual psychological qualities by facial expressions in representatives of own and other races. Using the “Personal Differential” method, we found differences in the estimates of the representatives of Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid races. We also registered differences in some characteristics of oculomotor activity of the Russian and Tuvan participants, namely, in the gaze direction and the number of fixations on the parts of face during face recognition and its racial attribution. The study was supported by the Russian President’s grant, project № MK-7445.2015.6.

scholarly journals A Study on the Mechanism of Social Robot Attitude Formation through Consumer Gaze Analysis: Focusing on the Robot Face

2022 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 01017
Author(s):  
Sangjip Ha ◽  
Eun-ju Yi ◽  
In-jin Yoo ◽  
Do-Hyung Park
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Social Robots ◽  
Social Robot ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Robot Design ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Consumer Beliefs ◽  
The Social

This study intends to utilize eye tracking for the appearance of a robot, which is one of the trends in social robot design research. We suggest a research model with the entire stage from the consumer gaze response to the perceived consumer beliefs and further their attitudes toward social robots. Specifically, the eye tracking indicators used in this study are Fixation, First Visit, Total Viewed Stay Time, and Number of Revisits. Also, Areas of Interest are selected to the face, eyes, lips, and full-body of a social robot. In the first relationship, we check which element of the social robot design the consumer’s gaze stays on, and how the gaze on each element affects consumer beliefs. The consumer beliefs are considered as the social robot’s emotional expression, humanness, and facial prominence. Second, we explore whether the formation of consumer attitudes is possible through two major channels. One is the path that the consumer beliefs formed through the gaze influence their attitude, and the other is the path that the consumer gaze response directly influences the attitude. This study made a theoretical contribution in that it finally analysed the path of consumer attitude formation from various angles by linking the gaze tracking reaction and consumer perception. In addition, it is expected to make practical contributions in the suggestion of specific design insights that can be used as a reference for designing social robots.

scholarly journals Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expressions with Direct or Averted Eye Gaze and Varying Expression Intensities in Children with Autism Disorder and Typically Developing Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Tell ◽  
Denise Davidson ◽  
Linda A. Camras
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Expression Intensity ◽  
Autism Disorder

Eye gaze direction and expression intensity effects on emotion recognition in children with autism disorder and typically developing children were investigated. Children with autism disorder and typically developing children identified happy and angry expressions equally well. Children with autism disorder, however, were less accurate in identifying fear expressions across intensities and eye gaze directions. Children with autism disorder rated expressions with direct eyes, and 50% expressions, as more intense than typically developing children. A trend was also found for sad expressions, as children with autism disorder were less accurate in recognizing sadness at 100% intensity with direct eyes than typically developing children. Although the present research showed that children with autism disorder are sensitive to eye gaze direction, impairments in the recognition of fear, and possibly sadness, exist. Furthermore, children with autism disorder and typically developing children perceive the intensity of emotional expressions differently.

The Effects of Argument Quality and Involvement Type on Attitude Formation and Attitude Change: A Test of Dual-Process and Social Judgment Predictions

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Sun Park ◽  
Timothy R. Levine ◽  
Catherine Y. Kingsley Westerman ◽  
Tierney Orfgen ◽  
Sarah Foregger
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Argument Quality

scholarly journals Fear-specific leftward bias in gaze direction judgment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Qiqi Hu ◽  
Xinwei Lai ◽  
Zhonghua Hu ◽  
Shan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Judgment Task ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Cerebral Lateralization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Perception Bias ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Direction Judgment

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that humans have a left spatial attention bias in cognition and behaviour. However, whether there exists a leftward perception bias of gaze direction has not been investigated. To address this gap, we conducted three behavioural experiments using a forced-choice gaze direction judgment task. The point of subjective equality (PSE) was employed to measure whether there was a leftward perception bias of gaze direction, and if there was, whether this bias was modulated by face emotion. The results of experiment 1 showed that the PSE of fearful faces was significantly positive as compared to zero and this effect was not found in angry, happy, and neutral faces, indicating that participants were more likely to judge the gaze direction of fearful faces as directed to their left-side space, namely a leftward perception bias. With the response keys counterbalanced between participants, experiment 2a replicated the findings in experiment 1. To further investigate whether the gaze direction perception variation was contributed by emotional or low-level features of faces, experiment 2b and 3 used inverted faces and inverted eyes, respectively. The results revealed similar leftward perception biases of gaze direction in all types of faces, indicating that gaze direction perception was biased by emotional information in faces rather than low-level facial features. Overall, our study demonstrates that there a fear-specific leftward perception bias in processing gaze direction. These findings shed new light on the cerebral lateralization in humans.

scholarly journals What is unique about the human eye? Comparative image analysis on the external eye morphology of human and nonhuman great apes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumihiro Kano ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi ◽  
Chie Hashimoto ◽  
Christopher Krupenye ◽  
Jesse G Leinwand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Eye Morphology ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Signaling Hypothesis

The gaze-signaling hypothesis and the related cooperative-eye hypothesis posit that humans have evolved special external eye morphology, including exposed white sclera (the white of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze direction and thereby facilitate conspecific communication through joint-attentional interaction and ostensive communication. However, recent quantitative studies questioned these hypotheses based on new findings that humans are not necessarily unique in certain eye features compared to other great ape species. Therefore, there is currently a heated debate on whether external eye features of humans are distinguished from those of other apes and how such distinguished features contribute to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. This study leveraged updated image analysis techniques to test the uniqueness of human eye features in facial images of great apes. Although many eye features were similar between humans and other species, a key difference was that humans have uniformly white sclera which creates clear visibility of both eye outline and iris; the two essential features contributing to the visibility of eye-gaze direction. We then tested the robustness of the visibility of these features against visual noises such as darkening and distancing and found that both eye features remain detectable in the human eye, while eye outline becomes barely detectable in other species under these visually challenging conditions. Overall, we identified that humans have distinguished external eye morphology among other great apes, which ensures robustness of eye-gaze signal against various visual conditions. Our results support and also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.

scholarly journals The anthropology of financial intent

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Robert Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
Field Guide ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Social

Much has been learned about calculation, commodification and marketization from the social studies of markets and finance. But what of capitalization? What is distinctive about this mode of valuation and the reality it impels? What does it mean to live under the ‘asset condition’? In Capitalization: A Cultural Guide, Fabian Muniesa and his colleagues at the Centre de Sociologie de l’Innovation take us on a tour across multiple continents and several centuries, introducing us to capitalization as a ‘cultural syndrome’. Their pragmatist enquiry involves tracing capitalization via the scenarios in which value is created, and the gaze that stimulates such value-creation. The result is a field guide to the terrain of capitalization that integrates anthropological work on the dramaturgy of finance with sociological attention to the technicalities of valuation. The stage is set for further investigation into the uneven distribution of the capacity to capitalize and its consequences.

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