Metropolitan Public School District Segregation by Race and Income, 2000–2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Meredith P. Richards ◽  
Kori J. Stroub
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
White Students ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Spatial Assimilation ◽  
Poor White ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background Recent work has documented declining public school racial/ethnic segregation, as students have become more evenly distributed across schools and districts since the turn of the century. However, we know little about how declines in school racial/ethnic segregation have affected students of different levels of economic resources. While some evidence suggests that class may be supplanting race as the defining force in structuring residential segregation, it is unclear whether this trend toward spatial assimilation is mirrored in schools. Objective In this study, we provide initial evidence linking racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation in schools. First, we disaggregate patterns and trends in metropolitan segregation by student race/ethnicity and household income to examine how changes in racial/ethnic segregation are experienced by students of different income levels. Second, drawing on theories of spatial assimilation and place stratification, we examine the relative importance of race/ethnicity vis-à-vis income in structuring patterns of segregation. Research Design We use unique data on the joint distribution of student race/ethnicity and family income from the National Center of Education Statistics’ Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (NCES EDGE) system. For each U.S. metropolitan area, we calculate measures of between-district segregation from 2000 to 2011. We compute measures of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation using the dual-group index of dissimilarity and the rank-order information theory index. We focus on two key comparisons: the segregation between non-White and white students in the same income quintile, and the segregation between non-White students in each income quintile and all White students. Findings We find that recent declines in racial/ethnic segregation were unevenly distributed across the income distribution. For example, while Black students of all income levels experienced declines in segregation from Whites, decreases were particularly pronounced for affluent Blacks. In addition, poor White students became more segregated from non-White students of all income levels. We also document shifts in the contributions of race/ethnicity and income to segregation: While income is increasingly implicated in Black–White and Hispanic–White segregation, Asian–White segregation is increasingly attributable to race/ethnicity. Conclusions Findings highlight the complexity of student experiences of segregation by race/ethnicity and income. Focusing exclusively on declines in racial/ethnic segregation or increases in income segregation may lead scholars to neglect phenomena such as the worsening segregation of poor White students, or improving segregation among affluent non-Whites. In addition, while racial/ethnic segregation remains high, segregation between non-Whites and Whites is increasingly attributable to income differences between racial/ethnic groups (i.e., spatial assimilation), with the exception of Asian students.

The Fragmentation of Metropolitan Public School Districts and the Segregation of American Schools: A Longitudinal Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith P. Richards ◽  
Kori J. Stroub
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
School District ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Public School Districts ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Public School District ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Context Scholars have increasingly raised concerns about the “fragmentation” or proliferation of metropolitan public school districts, citing the potential for fragmentation to facilitate racial/ethnic segregation by permitting individuals to sort more efficiently across district boundaries. In addition, scholars have expressed particular concern about the rapid growth of charter districts and their potential to exacerbate segregation. Purpose of Study In this study, we provide initial evidence on the effect of public school district fragmentation on the trajectory of racial/ethnic segregation in metropolitan areas, attending to the differential effects of regular school district fragmentation as well as charter district fragmentation. Research Design Using NCES Common Core data for the 2002–2010 school years, we computed measures of regular public school district fragmentation and charter district fragmentation as well as nine measures of racial/ethnic segregation for all 366 U.S. metropolitan areas (3 geographic x 3 racial/ethnic decompositions). We then estimated a series of multilevel longitudinal models predicting change in each measure of segregation as a function of regular and charter school district fragmentation. Results We found that school district fragmentation is unrelated to the overall level of segregation in a metropolitan area. More fragmented metropolitan areas have higher levels of segregation across districts than less fragmented metropolitan areas; however, they have lower levels of segregation within districts and equivalent levels of total metropolitan segregation. Likewise, school district fragmentation was not associated with worsening segregation over time or with attenuation of the secular trend toward declining segregation. More fragmented metropolitan areas had smaller declines in between-district segregation over the study period than less fragmented metropolitan areas; however, they had equivalent declines in within-district and total metropolitan segregation. In addition, charter district fragmentation was unrelated to the level or trajectory of school segregation in a metropolitan area. Conclusions Our results provide a somewhat more sanguine assessment of school district fragmentation than previous research. We found that the fragmentation of regular public school districts serves to shift the geographic scale of segregation from within districts to between districts; however, fragmentation does not exacerbate metropolitan racial/ethnic segregation. In addition, despite the rapid growth of charter districts, we find no evidence that charter district fragmentation has worsened overall metropolitan racial/ethnic segregation. Moreover, metropolitan areas are not experiencing the “fragmentation” of their traditional public school districts; rather, traditional school districts are consolidating despite increasing enrollment.

scholarly journals Stasis and Change in Public School District Racial/Ethnic Segregation, 1993–2015

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 233285842092997
Author(s):  
Meredith P. Richards ◽  
Kori James Stroub ◽  
Camila Cigarroa Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
School Districts ◽  
Public School Districts ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Meaningful Change ◽  
Public School District ◽  
Education Statistics ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Previous Scholarship

Scholars have often suggested that racial integration is inherently unstable—a transition point in the racial transformation of neighborhoods and schools. While much empirical attention has been paid to documenting changes in segregation in public school districts, in this study we provide initial evidence focusing on the stability of segregation patterns. We calculate annual measures of district racial/ethnic segregation from the National Center for Education Statistics Common Core of Data from 1993 to 2015. Our findings suggest that despite relatively high and stable levels of segregation nationally, stability is the rule, rather than the exception, for the majority of public school districts. Using a taxonomy of severity and stability derived from previous scholarship, we find that most districts are “stably integrated,” with a minority “stably segregated” or exhibiting meaningful change. Our findings suggest that further attention to the characteristics and practices of “stably integrated” districts may be warranted.

scholarly journals Trends in Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity by Race/Ethnicity Across Income Levels Among US Adults, 1998–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S45-S52
Author(s):  
Kathleen B. Watson ◽  
Geoffrey Whitfield ◽  
Tiffany J. Chen ◽  
Eric T. Hyde ◽  
John D. Omura
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Muscle Strengthening ◽  
Aerobic Activity ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: Although disparities in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) participation by race/ethnicity and income are known, the combined association of these characteristics with LTPA participation is less understood. This study aims to describe trends and determine whether racial/ethnic differences in adult physical activity by income level have changed over the past 2 decades. Methods: The authors estimated LTPA participation (outcomes: any aerobic activity, meeting the aerobic activity guideline, meeting the muscle-strengthening guideline, and meeting the combined aerobic and muscle-strengthening guidelines) among adults ≥18 years by race/ethnicity across income levels using 1998–2018 National Health Interview Survey data in 3-year aggregates. They also tested for trends, prevalence differences, and difference in differences using logistic regression. Results: LTPA participation increased from 1998–2000 to 2016–2018 for all outcomes for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic adults at all income levels. Disparities narrowed for some groups but persisted between white and racial/ethnic minority groups across income levels for engaging in any aerobic activity and meeting the aerobic guideline (0.2–8.8 percentage point difference in differences). Disparities in meeting the muscle-strengthening and combined guidelines were less common. Conclusions: Opportunities exist to ensure that adults, particularly members of lower income racial/ethnic minority groups, have support to help them participate in LTPA.

scholarly journals Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in patients undergoing left atrial appendage closure

Heart ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. heartjnl-2020-318650
Author(s):  
Robbie Sparrow ◽  
Shubrandu Sanjoy ◽  
Yun-Hee Choi ◽  
Islam Y Elgendy ◽  
Hani Jneid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Left Atrial Appendage ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Left Atrial Appendage Closure ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
Comorbidity Burden ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Major Adverse Events

ObjectiveThis manuscript aims to explore the impact of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on in-hospital complication rates after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC).MethodsThe US National Inpatient Sample was used to identify hospitalisations for LAAC between 1 October 2015 to 31 December 2018. These patients were stratified by race/ethnicity and quartiles of median neighbourhood income. The primary outcome was the occurrence of in-hospital major adverse events, defined as a composite of postprocedural bleeding, cardiac and vascular complications, acute kidney injury and ischaemic stroke.ResultsOf 6478 unweighted hospitalisations for LAAC, 58% were male and patients of black, Hispanic and ‘other’ race/ethnicity each comprised approximately 5% of the cohort. Adjusted by the older Americans population, the estimated number of LAAC procedures was 69.2/100 000 for white individuals, as compared with 29.5/100 000 for blacks, 47.2/100 000 for Hispanics and 40.7/100 000 for individuals of ‘other’ race/ethnicity. Black patients were ~5 years younger but had a higher comorbidity burden. The primary outcome occurred in 5% of patients and differed significantly between racial/ethnic groups (p<0.001) but not across neighbourhood income quartiles (p=0.88). After multilevel modelling, the overall rate of in-hospital major adverse events was higher in black patients as compared with whites (OR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.10, p<0.001); however, the incidence of acute kidney injury was higher in Hispanics (OR: 2.19, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.17, p<0.001). No significant differences were found in adjusted overall in-hospital complication rates between income quartiles.ConclusionIn this study assessing racial/ethnic disparities in patients undergoing LAAC, minorities are under-represented, specifically patients of black race/ethnicity. Compared with whites, black patients had higher comorbidity burden and higher rates of in-hospital complications. Lower socioeconomic status was not associated with complication rates.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Virologic Failure and Tolerability During Firstline HIV Antiretroviral Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Bhagwat ◽  
Shashi N Kapadia ◽  
Heather J Ribaudo ◽  
Roy M Gulick ◽  
Judith S Currier
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Virologic Failure ◽  
Virologic Suppression ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Background Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV outcomes have persisted despite effective antiretroviral therapy. In a study of initial regimens, we found viral suppression varied by race/ethnicity. In this exploratory analysis, we use clinical and socioeconomic data to assess factors associated with virologic failure and adverse events within racial/ethnic groups. Methods Data were from AIDS Clinical Trial Group A5257, a randomized trial of initial regimens with either atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir (each combined with tenofovir DF and emtricitabine). We grouped participants by race/ethnicity and then used Cox-proportional hazards regression to examine the impact of demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors on the time to virologic suppression and time to adverse event reporting within each racial/ethnic group. Results We analyzed data from 1762 participants: 757 self-reported as non-Hispanic black (NHB), 615 as non-Hispanic white (NHW), and 390 as Hispanic. The proportion with virologic failure was higher for NHB (22%) and Hispanic (17%) participants compared with NHWs (9%). Factors associated with virologic failure were poor adherence and higher baseline HIV RNA level. Prior clinical AIDS diagnosis was associated with virologic failure for NHBs only, and unstable housing and illicit drug use for NHWs only. Factors associated with adverse events were female sex in all groups and concurrent use of medications for comorbidities in NHB and Hispanic participants only. Conclusions Clinical and socioeconomic factors that are associated with virologic failure and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy vary between and within racial and ethnic groups. Further research may shed light into mechanisms leading to disparities and targeted strategies to eliminate those disparities.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2921
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Alcohol and Drug Misuse Among IPV-Victimized Women: Exploring the Role of Difficulties Regulating Positive Emotions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052094373
Author(s):  
Nicole H. Weiss ◽  
Melissa R. Schick ◽  
Ateka A. Contractor ◽  
Miranda E. Reyes ◽  
Nazaret C. Suazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Emotional Dysfunction ◽  
Culturally Sensitive Interventions ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Alcohol and drug misuse is prevalent and problematic among women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Emotional dysfunction has been identified as a key mechanism in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of alcohol and drug misuse. However, existing research has not considered the role of race/ethnicity in the relations between emotional dysfunction and alcohol and drug misuse. Furthermore, past research in this area has focused almost exclusively on emotional dysfunction stemming from negative (vs. positive) emotions. The goals of the current study were as follows: (a) to explore whether levels of difficulties regulating positive emotions differ among Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women, and (b) to examine the moderating role of race/ethnicity in the relations between difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse. Participants were 197 IPV-victimized women recruited through the criminal justice system ( Mage = 36.14; 51.8% African American, 31.5% White, and 16.8% Latina). Difficulties regulating positive emotions did not differ as a function of race/ethnicity. However, relations among difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse were significant for Latina and White but not African American IPV-victimized women. Moreover, race/ethnicity moderated an association between difficulties regulating positive emotions and drug misuse; this relation was significant and positive for White (compared with African American) IPV-victimized women. While preliminary, these results may inform culturally sensitive interventions for alcohol and drug misuse that are tailored to the unique needs of Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women.

scholarly journals Racial discrimination, racial/ethnic segregation, and health behaviors in the CARDIA study

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa N. Borrell ◽  
Catarina I. Kiefe ◽  
Ana V. Diez-Roux ◽  
David R. Williams ◽  
Penny Gordon-Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Applying the Health Belief Model to Characterize Racial/Ethnic Differences in Digital Conversations Related to Depression Pre– and Mid–COVID-19 (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Castilla-Puentes ◽  
Jacqueline Pesa ◽  
Caroline Brethenoux ◽  
Patrick Furey ◽  
Liliana Gil Valletta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Belief Model ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Belief Model ◽  
Racial Ethnic

BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression symptoms in the United States is >3 times higher mid–COVID-19 versus pre-pandemic. Racial/ethnic differences in mindsets around depression and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE To describe attitudes, mindsets, key drivers, and barriers related to depression pre– and mid–COVID-19 by race/ethnicity using digital conversations about depression mapped to health belief model (HBM) concepts. METHODS Advanced search, data extraction, and AI-powered tools were used to harvest, mine, and structure open-source digital conversations of US adults who engaged in conversations about depression pre– (February 1, 2019-February 29, 2020) and mid–COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020-November 1, 2020) across the internet. Natural language processing, text analytics, and social data mining were used to categorize conversations that included a self-identifier into racial/ethnic groups. Conversations were mapped to HBM concepts (ie, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). Results are descriptive in nature. RESULTS Of 2.9 and 1.3 million relevant digital conversations pre– and mid–COVID-19, race/ethnicity was determined among 1.8 million (62%) and 979,000 (75%) conversations pre– and mid–COVID-19, respectively. Pre–COVID-19, 1.3 million conversations about depression occurred among non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), 227,200 among Black Americans (BA), 189,200 among Hispanics, and 86,800 among Asian Americans (AS). Mid–COVID-19, 736,100 conversations about depression occurred among NHW, 131,800 among BA, 78,300 among Hispanics, and 32,800 among AS. Conversations among all racial/ethnic groups had a negative tone, which increased pre– to mid–COVID-19; finding support from others was seen as a benefit among most groups. Hispanics had the highest rate of any racial/ethnic group of conversations showing an avoidant mindset toward their depression. Conversations related to external barriers to seeking treatment (eg, stigma, lack of support, and lack of resources) were generally more prevalent among Hispanics, BA, and AS than among NHW. Being able to benefit others and building a support system were key drivers to seeking help or treatment for all racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Applying concepts of the HBM to data on digital conversation about depression allowed organization of the most frequent themes by race/ethnicity. Individuals of all groups came online to discuss their depression. There were considerable racial/ethnic differences in drivers and barriers to seeking help and treatment for depression pre– and mid–COVID-19. Generally, COVID-19 has made conversations about depression more negative, and with frequent discussions of barriers to seeking care. These data highlight opportunities for culturally competent and targeted approaches to address areas amenable to change that might impact the ability of people to ask for or receive mental health help, such as the constructs that comprise the HBM.

Abstract P352: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes among Patients with Hypertension or Type 2 Diabetes

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Pu ◽  
Sukyung Chung ◽  
Beinan Zhao ◽  
Vani Nimbal ◽  
Elsie J Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Asian Indian ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: This study assesses racial/ethnic differences in CVD outcomes among patients with hypertension (HTN) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) across Asian American subgroups (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), Mexican, non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic White (NHW) in a large, mixed payer ambulatory care setting in northern California. Study Design: We estimated the rate of CVD incidence among adult patients with HTN (N=171,864) or T2DM (N=10,570), or both (N=36,589) using electronic health records between 2000-2013. Average follow-up was 4.5 years. CVD, including CHD (410-414), PVD (415, 440.2, 440.3, 443.9, 451, 453), and stroke (430-434), was defined by ICD-9 codes; HTN and T2DM were defined by ICD-9 codes, medication history, or two or more elevated blood pressure measures/abnormal glucose lab test results. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios for CHD, PVD, and stroke across race/ethnicity. Results: Among these patients, 10.5% developed CVD by the end of year 2013 (5.4% CHD, 3.4%PVD, 3.6% stroke). There was a gender difference in the risk of incident CHD. Among males, the age-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD were significantly higher for Asian Indians (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2-1.5) and significantly lower for Chinese (HR: 0.6, CI: 0.5-0.7) and Japanese (HR: 0.8, CI: 0.6-0.9) compared to NHWs. Among females, the age-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD were significantly higher for Mexican (HR: 1.3, CI: 1.1-1.5) and NHBs (HR: 1.7, CI: 1.4-2.0) and significantly lower for Chinese (HR: 0.6, CI: 0.5-0.7) and Japanese (HR: 0.5, CI: 0.4-0.7). NHB men and women also had significantly higher age-adjusted hazard ratios for PVD (men: HR: 1.5, CI: 1.2-1.9; women: HR: 1.6, CI: 1.3-1.9) and stroke (men: HR: 1.3, CI: 1.1-1.7; women: HR: 1.3, CI: 1.1-1.6) compared to NHWs. The age-adjusted hazard ratios for PVD and stroke were lower or equivalent to NHWs for all Asian subgroups and Mexican men and women. Patients with both HTN and T2DM were at elevated risk to develop CVD compared to patients with only one of the two conditions, regardless of their race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Compared to previous studies, we found less racial/ethnic variation in CVD outcomes, in particular stroke, among patients with HTN or T2DM. Our finding suggests the higher stroke incidence rates in several races/ethnicities are likely to be explained by the higher prevalence of HTN and T2DM among these groups. However, Asian Indian men and NHB and Mexican women with HTN or T2DM were at elevated risk for CHD compared to NHWs. Since the majority of patients in the study cohort had health insurance, further studies are needed to better understand the reasons for the observed racial/ethnic differences beyond disparities in access to health care. Special attention needs to be paid to patients with multiple conditions.

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