scholarly journals Sex differences in facial scanning: Similarities and dissimilarities between infants and adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Rennels ◽  
Andrew J. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Facial Scanning ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Better Than

When face processing studies find sex differences, male infants appear better at face recognition than female infants, whereas female adults appear better at face recognition than male adults. Both female infants and adults, however, discriminate emotional expressions better than males. To investigate if sex and age differences in facial scanning might account for these processing discrepancies, 3–4-month-olds, 9–10-month-olds, and adults viewed faces presented individually while an eye tracker recorded eye movements. Regardless of age, males shifted fixations between internal and external facial features more than females, suggesting more holistic processing. Females shifted fixations between internal facial features more than males, suggesting more second-order relational processing, which may explain females’ emotion discrimination advantage. Older male infants made more fixations than older female infants. Female adults made more fixations for shorter fixation durations than male adults. Male infants and female adults’ greater encoding of facial information may explain their face recognition advantage.

Sex and Age Differences on the Raven's Matrices

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagindra Persaud
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Intellectual Capacity ◽  
Raven’S Matrices ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

This study examined the effects of sex and age on scores on a matrices test among university and college students aged 17 to 51 yr. Sex differences in mean scores were nonsignificant. The general decline with age was linear and negative, significantly so for women ( n = 132), not for men ( n = 74). Significant decrements occurred from the age of 26 yr. upwards for women only. The findings suggest that loss of intellectual capacity on the Raven's Matrices can be attributed to age.

scholarly journals Neural Representations of Faces are Tuned to Eye Movements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Stacchi ◽  
Meike Ramon ◽  
Junpeng Lao ◽  
Roberto Caldara
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Visual Sampling

ABSTRACTEye movements provide a functional signature of how human vision is achieved. Many recent studies have reported idiosyncratic visual sampling strategies during face recognition. Whether these inter-individual differences are mirrored by idiosyncratic neural responses has not been investigated yet. Here, we tracked observers’ eye movements during face recognition; additionally, we obtained an objective index of neural face discrimination through EEG that was recorded while subjects fixated different facial information.Across all observers, we found that those facial features that were fixated longer during face recognition elicited stronger neural face discrimination responses. This relationship occurred independently of inter-individual differences in fixation biases. Our data show that eye movements play a functional role during face processing by providing the neural system with information that is diagnostic to a specific observer. The effective processing of face identity involves idiosyncratic, rather than universal representations.

Age-related Changes in Recognition and Response Criterion

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora G. Suengas ◽  
Trinidad Ruiz Gallego-Largo ◽  
Teresa Simón
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Response Criterion ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Recognition And Response ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Better Than

Recognition performance does not usually change along the lifespan, but the response criterion usually does, and in general, it changes from being conservative during youth to being liberal, in old age. The focus of the present study is to analyze the changes that take place, both in discrimination and response criterion, as a result of aging in two recognition tasks: one with neutral images, and the other with faces showing positive and negative emotional expressions. Two groups of participants performed both tasks: young (N = 21; age range, 17-33 years), older (N = 21; age range, 65-91 years). The analyses of several discrimination parameters (d′ and probability of recognition) and the response criterion yielded significant age differences. Thus, results indicated that the ability to discriminate of older participants was better than that of younger participants when having to recognize neutral images, and faces with negative emotional expressions. The response criterion of younger participants was always conservative, whereas older participants only showed liberal criteria in front of faces with emotional expressions. In relation to the neutral images, the response criterion of older participants was optimum, because it led to more hits, without increasing the false alarms. The results are partially explained by the tasks differential difficulty, and are discussed within the frame of Simulation theory.

Body image in relation to nutritional status in adults from the Basque Country, Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Ibáñez-Zamacona ◽  
Alaitz Poveda ◽  
Esther Rebato
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Image Perception ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

AbstractThe aim of this research was to analyse variation in body image perception and satisfaction by age, sex and nutritional status in an adult sample from the Basque Country, Spain. A case-control study was performed for 227 women and 178 men aged 18–70 years. Stunkard’s silhouettes were used to evaluate Current Body Image (CBI) and Ideal Body Image (IBI), as well as dissatisfaction and inconsistency scores. Nutritional status was assessed following the WHO criteria for BMI in an adult population. The sample was divided into four groups based on sex and age (early adulthood <45 years, and middle/older adulthood ≥45 years). The Mann–Whitney U test was employed to evaluate sex and age differences, and the Gamma coefficient to assess the association between body image variables and nutritional status. Significant age differences in CBI (p<0.05) and sex differences in IBI (p<0.001) were detected. Both variables showed a positive association with BMI (p<0.01), which indicates that BMI is a biological characteristic related to body image satisfaction and influences participants’ perception of themselves. Dissatisfaction scores showed that both sex and age differences (p<0.05) were negatively associated with BMI (p<0.001). Only participants ≥45 years presented sex differences in inconsistency scores (p<0.05); this variable was associated with BMI in women (p<0.01). Preferences in body image showed sexual dimorphism, with women preferring thinner bodies than men – a pattern observed in many Western populations – linked in part to sociocultural pressures. Women were more dissatisfied with their bodies than men; a higher dissatisfaction was observed in older relative to younger participants. The results confirm the association between nutritional status and body size perception and satisfaction, but also the relationship between nutritional status and the reliability with which women can classify themselves; in men, this relationship was not as clear.

scholarly journals Sex and age differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt ◽  
Martina Otavova ◽  
Kaare Christensen ◽  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Aim: To examine the magnitude of sex differences in survival from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Europe across age and countries. We hypothesise that men have higher mortality than women at any given age, but that sex differences will decrease with age as only the strongest men survive to older ages.Methods: We used population data from Institut National D’Études Démographiques on cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 from February to June 2020 in 10 European countries: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, The Netherlands, England & Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal. For each country, we calculated cumulative mortality rates stratified by age and sex and corresponding relative risks for men vs. women.Results: The relative risk of dying from COVID-19 was higher for men than for women in almost all age groups in all countries. The overall relative risk ranged from 1.11 (95% CI 1.01-1.23) in Portugal to 1.54 (95% CI 1.49-1.58) in France. In most countries, sex differences increased until ages 60-69 years, but decreased thereafter with the smallest sex difference at ages 80+.Conclusions: Despite variability in data collection and time coverage among countries, we illustrate an overall similar pattern of sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in Europe.

Sex and Age Differences in Depression: A Quantitative Synthesis of Published Research

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Jorm
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Quantitative Synthesis ◽  
Small Rise ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

It is commonly believed that depression is more common in females than in males. A quantitative synthesis of published research showed, however, that the sex difference is age specific. There is little sex difference in either childhood or advanced old age, but a notable sex difference in middle life. This sex difference appears because rates for females rise sharply from childhood to adulthood and then decline somewhat in old age. By contrast, rates for males show a small rise in early adulthood but are otherwise fairly stable throughout life. The age-specific nature of these sex differences may be explainable in terms of differences in social roles at various ages.

Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

Chaos Glowworm Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Cloud Model for Face Recognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2056009
Author(s):  
Guangyu Zhou ◽  
Aijia Ouyang ◽  
Yuming Xu
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Cloud Model ◽  
Cuckoo Search ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
Convergence Speed ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Glowworm Swarm Optimization ◽  
Better Than

To overcome the shortcomings of the basic glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) algorithm, such as low accuracy, slow convergence speed and easy to fall into local minima, chaos algorithm and cloud model algorithm are introduced to optimize the evolution mechanism of GSO, and a chaos GSO algorithm based on cloud model (CMCGSO) is proposed in the paper. The simulation results of benchmark function of global optimization show that the CMCGSO algorithm performs better than the cuckoo search (CS), invasive weed optimization (IWO), hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO), and chaos glowworm swarm optimization (CGSO) algorithm, and CMCGSO has the advantages of high accuracy, fast convergence speed and strong robustness to find the global optimum. Finally, the CMCGSO algorithm is used to solve the problem of face recognition, and the results are better than the methods from literatures.

Sex and Experience in the Academy Award Nomination Process

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Academy Award ◽  
Award Nomination ◽  
Age Disparity

Research has indicated significant age differences between male and female Academy Award nominees and winners. However, this discrepancy may be associated with sex differences in actors' ages when they first begin their acting careers. The present research uses event history analysis to investigate the duration of Academy Award nominees' careers from career start (first film) to first three Academy Award nominations. Analysis suggested controlling for an actor's age at first film explains the sex-age disparity between Academy Award nominees and winners.

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