Developmental Trends in Reaction to Social Pressure from Adults Versus Peers

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt-Erik Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Peer Norms ◽  
Response Level ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
General Response

The Moral Dilemmas Test was administered to Swedish boys and girls in four grades (approx. mean ages 11 to 14). Data were analysed for age trends and sex differences and compared with previously published data from 13 countries. A strong, almost linear age trend was found with decreasing conformity to adult values and increasing conformity to peer authority with increasing age. Girls conformed more to adult norms than boys, except for the highest grade. The general response level for Swedish children was of the same magnitude as in other Western countries but the reaction to adult and peer pressure differed from most other countries. Swedish children reacted very little to anticipated exposure of their answers to parents but quite substantially to the threat of peer exposure, showing a sensitiveness among Swedish children to peer norms. Boys in the highest grade showed another response pattern typical for children in 7 of the 13 countries from which data are available. The results, especially the found age trends, and their implications in cross-cultural comparisons, are discussed.

Sex (Similarities and) Differences in Friendship Jealousy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Krems ◽  
Keelah Williams ◽  
Laureon Allison Watson ◽  
Douglas Kenrick ◽  
Athena Aktipis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Best Friends ◽  
Adaptive Challenges ◽  
The Face ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Material Benefits

Friendships provide material benefits, bolster health, and may help solve adaptive challenges. However, a recurrent obstacle to sustaining those friendships—and thus enjoying many friendship-mediated fitness benefits—is interference from other people. Friendship jealousy may be well-designed for helping both men and women meet the recurrent, adaptive challenge of retaining friends in the face of such third-party interference. Although we thus expect several sex similarities in the general cognitive architecture of friendship jealousy (e.g., it is attuned to friend value), there are also sex differences in friendship structures and historical functions, which might influence the inputs of friendship jealousy (e.g., the value of any one friendship). If so, we should also expect some sex differences in friendship jealousy. Findings from a reanalysis of previously-published data and a new experiment, including both U.S. student and adult community participants (N = 993), provide initial support for three predicted sex differences: women (versus men) report greater friendship jealousy at the prospective loss of best friends to others, men (versus women) report greater friendship jealousy at the prospective loss of acquaintances to others, and men’s (but not women’s) friendship jealousy is enhanced in the context of intergroup contests.

IQ Constancy in Disadvantaged Negro Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman A. Milgram
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Comparison Test ◽  
Initial Comparison ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
Formal Test

A longitudinal followup of 59 disadvantaged Negro children from age 3 to 8 indicated that: (1) their mean Binet IQ was relatively stable, while their Peabody IQ rose appreciably; (2) the magnitude of the correlation between earlier and later IQ scores was a function of the interval between test-retest and the age of the child on the initial comparison test; (3) ratings on test-taking behavior yielded significant sex differences and age trends; (4) ratings specific to formal test performance were significantly correlated with IQ scores of tests taken concurrent to the ratings and of tests taken one or more years later; (5) these ratings did not, however, enhance in multiple regression the correlation which obtained for predictor and criterion IQ scores alone. Findings were discussed in relation to other studies.

Cross-Cultural Comparison of Personality: New Zealand Children and English Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1111-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Saklofske ◽  
S. B. G. Eysenck
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Personality Dimensions ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
High Degree

The recently published Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire contains scales to measure the personality dimensions of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism, as well as a Lie (dissimulation) factor. In view of the large volume of standardization data cross-cultural studies of personality structure are possible. The questionnaire was accordingly administered to a sample of New Zealand boys ( N = 644) and girls ( N = 672), aged from 7 to 15 yr., and the New Zealand data compared with the results reported in the manual for samples of English children. The pattern of correlations between scales was similar for both samples, the correlations tending to be quite low. The majority of items loaded on their respective factors, and these factors could be clearly identified with Eysenck's personality dimensions. Factor comparisons indicated a high degree of factor similarity for boys and girls. Internal consistency reliabilities were quite satisfactory for both sexes and closely resembled those reported in the manual. Sex and age trends were also consistent with the English results. Of some interest is the fact that New Zealand children obtained higher Psychoticism scores than did English children; they also obtained lower Lie scores.

Sleep and Bedtime Behavior in Preschool-Aged Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio U. Beltramini ◽  
Margaret E. Hertzig
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
Night Awakening ◽  
Bedtime Routine ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Age stage-specific changes in patterns of sleep and bedtime behavior were examined in 109 normally developing preschool-aged children who were the subjects of the New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament and Development. The data were derived from information abstracted from interviews conducted with parents about the behavior of their children in daily life situations at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. The following age trends were found: older children were significantly more likely to exhibit a prolongation of bedtime routine, insist on sleeping with the light on, take a treasured object to bed, request parental attention after being told good night, and experience delays in falling asleep than were younger children. The frequency of occurrence of night awakening was not different at the different age levels examined, although older children were significantly more likely to experience nightmares. The fathers of older children were significantly more likely to participate in bedtime routines, and older children were also significantly more likely to share a bedroom with a sibling. No sex differences were found.

Sex, Coalitions, and Politics in Preindustrial Societies

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobbi S. Low
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Mating Effort ◽  
Parental Effort ◽  
Male And Female

Broadly defined, political activity normally involves some form of coalition, usually centering upon resource acquisition, and is not restricted to humans. Male and female mammals appear to have evolved to seek and use resources differently—males to get mates (mating effort) and females to raise healthy, successful offspring (parental effort). Because the return curves for these two types of effort differ in shape, several predictions follow about sex differences in political activity. These predictions are tested using the 93 odd-numbered societies of the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. Results offer insights into current patterns of male and female political activity in Western societies.

Some Reliability and Validity Considerations on Australian Data from the Death Anxiety Scale

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Warren ◽  
P. N. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
Australian Context ◽  
Do So

Data derived from an administration of the Death Anxiety Scale [1] to Australian samples is analyzed with a view to providing comparative cross-cultural observations as well as some indication of realiability and validity in the Australian context. Measures of central tendency and dispersion and sex differences were found to be comparable with other surveys of similar groups to those of the present study. The Scale does not appear to suffer from acquisence set, is internally reliable and groups that would be expected to score lower than others, do so – providing some indication of construct validity. The Scale is not “factorially-pure,” however, and at least three “sub-scales” can be identified. These sub-scales are analyzed and discussed.

Evolution, Societal Sexism, and Universal Average Sex Differences in Cognition and Behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Shed Light

During the past century, social scientists have documented many cross-cultural sex differences in personality and behavior, quite a few of which now appear to be found in all human societies. However, contrary to most scientists’ expectations, these so-called universal sex differences have been shown to be more pronounced in Western industrial societies than in most non-Western developing societies. This chapter briefly reviews the evidence bearing on these findings and offers a biologically based theory that could help shed light on why cross-cultural sex differences exist. The following hypothesis is offered: The expression of many genes influencing sexually dimorphic traits is more likely among descendants of couples who are least closely related to one another. If so, societies in which out-marriage is normative (i.e., Western industrial countries) will exhibit a stronger expression of genes for sexually dimorphic traits compared to societies in which consanguineal marriages are common.

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