Individual Change in Perceived Control over 20 Years

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gatz ◽  
Michele J. Karel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Individual Change ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Historical Reality

Perceptions of personal control were studied in 1267 individuals who represented four generations of families participating in a large longitudinal study spanning 1971 to 1991. Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential analytic strategies were employed. Over 20 years, mean levels of personal control became more internal in the 560 respondents who participated at all four times of measurement, probably as a reflection of contextual factors in the culture. Developmental changes toward greater internality were indicated for young adults as they progressed into middle age. Cross-sectional differences in middle-aged and older adults did not appear to represent developmental differences. The oldest generation of women was consistently the most external subgroup, suggesting a cohort effect reflective of their socio-historical reality.

scholarly journals Mediators and Moderators of the Association Between Perceived Stress and Episodic Memory in Diverse Older Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Afsara B. Zaheed ◽  
Neika Sharifian ◽  
A. Zarina Kraal ◽  
Ketlyne Sol ◽  
Jennifer J. Manly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Memory

Abstract Objective: Stress is a risk factor for numerous negative health outcomes, including cognitive impairment in late-life. The negative association between stress and cognition may be mediated by depressive symptoms, which separate studies have identified as both a consequence of perceived stress and a risk factor for cognitive decline. Pathways linking perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and cognition may be moderated by sociodemographics and psychosocial resources. The goal of this cross-sectional study was to identify modifying factors and enhance understanding of the mechanisms underlying the stress–cognition association in a racially and ethnically diverse sample of older adults. Method: A linear regression estimated the association between perceived stress and episodic memory in 578 older adults (Mage = 74.58) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project. Subsequent models tested whether depressive symptoms mediated the stress–memory relationship and whether sociodemographics (gender, race, and ethnicity) or perceived control moderated these pathways. Results: Independent of sociodemographics and chronic diseases, greater perceived stress was associated with worse episodic memory. This relationship was mediated by more depressive symptoms. Higher perceived control buffered the association between stress and depressive symptoms. There was no significant moderation by gender, race, or ethnicity. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms may play a role in the negative association between perceived stress and cognition among older adults; however, longitudinal analyses and studies using experimental designs are needed. Perceived control is a modifiable psychological resource that may offset the negative impact of stress.

Children's Beliefs about Control, Means-ends, and Agency: Developmental Differences during Middle Childhood

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen A. Skinner ◽  
Michael Chapman ◽  
Paul B. Baltes
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Agency Beliefs ◽  
Children’S Behaviour ◽  
Children's Beliefs

A new action-theoretical conceptualisation was used to study developmental differences in children's generalised perceived control. According to this conceptualisation, controland action-related beliefs are multidimensional and may include not only (1) expectancies about the extent to which an agent (e.g. the self) can obtain desired outcomes (referred to as control beliefs), but also (2) expectancies about the extent to which certain causes or means produce outcomes (means-ends beliefs), as well as (3) expectancies about the extent to which the agent possesses the potential means (agency beliefs). Cross-sectional age differences in these three sets of beliefs were studied in 240 boys and girls from age 7 to 12. The results of age comparisons in mean level indicated that: (1) perceived control of positive events is greater than that of negative events at all ages; (2) the categories of means-ends beliefs (i.e. for the causes effort, attributes, powerful others, luck, unknown) are increasingly differentiated from each other as to their level of perceived effectiveness; (3) agency beliefs for effort, attributes, and powerful others are high across middle childhood. The increase in the perceived accessibility of powerful others is an especially noteworthy finding. Surprisingly few sex differences were found, with the exception that boys rates the cause "attributes" as more effective than girls. The pattern of age differences in control, means-ends, and agency beliefs not only adds to our understanding of the development of generalized expectancies involving control and action across middle childhood, but also holds promise for future research on the origins of these beliefs and on how they influence children's behaviour and action.

Hearing Loss and Depression in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. e137-e154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake J Lawrence ◽  
Dona M P Jayakody ◽  
Rebecca J Bennett ◽  
Robert H Eikelboom ◽  
Natalie Gasson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Design And Methods

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesStudies reporting an association between hearing loss and depression in older adults are conflicting and warrant a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence.Research Design and MethodsA search of academic databases (e.g., MEDLINE) and gray literature (e.g., OpenGrey) identified relevant articles published up to July 17, 2018. Cross-sectional or cohort designs were included. Outcome effects were computed as odds ratios (ORs) and pooled using random-effects meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42018084494).ResultsA total of 147,148 participants from 35 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty-four studies were cross-sectional and 11 were cohort designs. Overall, hearing loss was associated with statistically significantly greater odds of depression in older adults (OR = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.31−1.65). When studies were stratified by design, hearing loss was associated with greater odds of depression in cross-sectional studies (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.31−1.80) and cohort studies (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.16 − 1.67), and there was no difference between cross-sectional or cohort effect estimates (Q = 0.64, p = .42). There was no effect of moderator variables (i.e., hearing aid use) on the association between hearing loss and depression, but these findings must be interpreted with caution. There was no presence of publication bias but certainty in the estimation of the overall effect was classified as “low.”Discussion and ImplicationsOlder adults may experience increased odds of depression associated with hearing loss, and this association may not be influenced by study or participant characteristics.

scholarly journals Normalized grip strength is inversely associated with DNAm age in middle age and older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 984-984
Author(s):  
Mark Peterson ◽  
Stacey Collins ◽  
Helen Meier ◽  
Jessica Faul
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Biomarker Of Aging

Abstract There is a large body of evidence linking muscular weakness, as determined by low grip strength, to a host of negative aging-related health outcomes. Given these links, grip strength has been labeled a “biomarker of aging”; and yet, this metric provides no biological plausibility. The objective of this study was to determine the association between grip strength and DNA methylation (DNAm) age acceleration. Middle age and older adults from the 2006-2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study with 8-years of follow-up were included. Cross sectional and longitudinal modeling were performed to examine the association between grip strength (normalized to body mass: NGS) and DNAm age acceleration, adjusting for cell composition, sociodemographic variables, and smoking. Three DNAm clocks were incorporated for estimating age acceleration including the established DunedinPoAm, Levine, and GrimAge clocks. There was a robust and independent cross sectional association between NGS and DNAm age for men (β:-0.36; p<0.001) and women (β:-0.36; p<0.001) using the DunedinPoAm clock, and for men only using the Levine (β:-8.04; p=0.01) and GrimAge (β:-4.76; p=0.01) clocks. There was also an independent longitudinal association between baseline NGS and DNAm age for men (β:-0.27; p<0.001) and women (β:-0.36; p<0.001) using the DunedinPoAm clock, and for women only using the Levine (β:-8.20; p<0.001) and GrimAge (β:-6.04; p<0.001) clocks. Our findings provide some evidence of age acceleration among men and women with lower NGS. Future research is needed to understand the extent to which DNAm age mediates the association between grip strength and chronic disease, disability, and mortality.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Mechanisms Underlying Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cognition Among Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 782-782
Author(s):  
Laura Zahodne ◽  
Neika Sharifian ◽  
A Zarina Kraal ◽  
Emily Morris ◽  
Afsara Zaheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Psychosocial Risk Factor ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive aging are only partly attributable to socioeconomic indicators. Emerging literature highlights psychosocial factors, such as related constructs of discrimination and perceived control. Using data from 1,463 older adults (51% Hispanic, 27% non-Hispanic Black, 22% non-Hispanic White) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project, cross-sectional mediation models quantified separate indirect effects of Black race and Hispanic ethnicity on global cognitive composite scores. Socioeconomic status explained approximately 50% of Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities in cognition. Perceived control explained an additional 5-8%. Discrimination was not associated with cognition. Significant racial/ethnic disparities remained after accounting for the included socioeconomic and psychosocial factors, indicating that future studies should consider additional potential mediators. Lower perceived control, which likely reflects chronic exposure to interpersonal and institutional marginalization, may be a particularly salient psychosocial risk factor for poorer cognitive aging among certain racial/ethnic minority groups.

Planning Ahead: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Older Adults’ Intentions to Use Hospice if Faced With Terminal Illness

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusine Nahapetyan ◽  
Pamela Orpinas ◽  
Anne Glass ◽  
Xiao Song
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Terminal Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Highly Educated

Hospice is underutilized in the United States, and many patients enroll for short periods of times. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify significant predictors of intentions to use hospice in community-dwelling older adults. The Theory of Planned Behavior informed the selection of predictors. Data were collected from 146 White older adults ( M age = 69.5; 69% females). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that higher hospice knowledge, normative beliefs that support hospice utilization, higher perceived control to use hospice, and preferences for end-of-life care that favor comfort and quality of life over living as long as possible were significant predictors of intentions to use hospice. In spite of being a sample of mostly highly educated older adults, almost half did not know about funding for hospice. These results provide better understanding of where to focus interventions to educate older adults about hospice, ideally in advance of a crisis.

scholarly journals Perceived Control and ICD Concerns in Older ICD Recipients: Sex as a Moderator

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 492-493
Author(s):  
Abigail Latimer ◽  
Jennifer Miller ◽  
Misook Lee Chung ◽  
Muna Hammash ◽  
Debra Moser
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of

Abstract Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death for those with a history of or high risk for lethal arrhythmias. In 2016, 105,000 ICDs were implanted in older adults (age ≥ 60) in the US. Approximately 25% of ICD recipients report significant ICD concerns with women reporting higher levels than men. Little is known about the experience of older adults living with life-saving/extending medical technologies, particularly related to sex differences in ICD concerns. Perceived control may decrease ICD concerns, but sex differences have not been explored. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the moderation effect of sex on the association between perceived control and ICD concerns in older adults (age≥ 60). Participants completed a questionnaire on ICD Concerns (ICDC-8) and the Control Attitudes Scale-Revised, a measure of perceived control. We conducted a moderation analysis using Hayes’ PROCESS for SPSS with 5,000 bootstrap samples. Of the 99 participants (73.7% male; age 70 + 7 years; education 13 + 3 years), most participants were white (79.8%) and married (69.7%). There were no differences in participant characteristics, perceived control, or ICD concerns, by sex. We found an interaction between sex and perceived control (b= -.5715, p= 02), indicating that for women (-.5801, p =.007), as perceived control increased, ICD concerns decreased. For men (-.0089, p =.9439), ICD concerns remained the same despite level of perceived control. Future clinical and research interventions to decrease ICD concerns should include ways to increase perceived control particularly for older women living with ICDs.

Perceived Voice Disorders in Older Adults and Impact on Social Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Connie K. Porcaro ◽  
Clare Singer ◽  
Boris Djokic ◽  
Ali A. Danesh ◽  
Ruth Tappen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Vocal Performance ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Cross Sectional

Purpose Many aging individuals, even those who are healthy, report voice changes that can impact their ability to communicate as they once did. While this is commonly reported, most do not seek evaluation or management for this issue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and differences in voice disorders in older adults, along with the effect of fatigue on their social interactions. Method This is a cross-sectional investigation of a community-dwelling sample of individuals aged 60 years or older. Participants completed the Questionnaire on Vocal Performance, the Social Engagement Index subset “Engagement in Social or Leisure Activities,” and the Fatigue Severity Scale. Results Results indicated 32.5% of the 332 participants reported symptoms of voice problems with no difference found between male and female respondents. A slight increase in report of voice problems was noted with each year of age. Participants who self-reported voice problems indicated less interaction in social activities involving communication than those who did not. Finally, as severity of self-reported voice problems increased, an increase was reported by the same individuals for signs of fatigue. Conclusions Voice problems and resulting decreased social interaction are commonly experienced by older individuals. Voice symptoms in older adults have been found to benefit from evidence-based treatment strategies. It is critical to provide education to encourage older individuals to seek appropriate evaluation and management for voice issues through a speech-language pathologist or medical professional.

Health Concerns of Older Adults: Observations from a Survey and Public Education Programme in Bhubaneswar, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Shreyan Kar ◽  
Tushar Kanti Das ◽  
Prasanta Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Brajaballav Kar ◽  
Anupama Senapati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Concerns

Background: While it is apparent that old age is associated with multiple health concerns, the extent of its multiplicity and burden is often not clear. It was intended to find out self-reported health concerns for one month and cardiovascular risk factors in middle and older adults. Methods: In the cross-sectional survey, attendees of a Healthy Ageing Conference were approached with a semi-structured questionnaire about their health concerns and cardiovascular risks. Risk of a cardiovascular event in 10 years based on QRISK3 was calculated. Results: A considerable proportion of older adults had a range of physical symptoms, depressive mood state and memory problems. Mean number of health problems reported were 4.8±3.3 (male 4.4±3.1 and female 5.0±4.3). Cardiovascular risk was high, mean QRISK3 score for males were 22.2% (±14.4), and for females 10.3% (±6.6) (p<0.05). On average, the heart age was increased by 7.9±6.2 years (8.6±6.6 years for males and 5.0±3.3 for females). The relative risk of participants was 2.1 for males and 1.5 for females for heart attack or stroke within the ten years, compared to healthy persons. The symptoms and risk factors were elicited easily, and the process probably facilitated improving the awareness about the health concerns holistically. The survey also identified issues related to the engagement of older adults in the existing health care systems. Conclusions: The results suggested that questionnaire-based health screening in a community can identify a range of health concerns and identify multi-morbidity in general and cardiovascular risks in particular. This process may help to focus on the appropriate public health awareness and intervention programmes required in the community.

Association between eHealth Literacy and Health-Related Quality of Life among Chinese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaojie Li ◽  
Yongtian Yin ◽  
Lijun Chen ◽  
Guanghui Cui ◽  
Jiaqin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Mental Component Summary ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chinese Older Adults ◽  
Ehealth Literacy ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

BACKGROUND Older adults’ health literacy levels are crucial to improving health outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, the impact of eHealth literacy on HRQoL in older adults is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association between eHealth literacy and HRQoL of older adults and provide reference for the development of network intervention measures related to the health quality of life of the older adults. METHODS An anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,201 adults aged 60 or older from Jinan, China. The eHealth Literacy Scale and Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) were used to measure eHealth literacy and HRQoL. We used linear regression to test the adjusted association between eHealth literacy and HRQoL. RESULTS Most participants (88.9%) had inadequate eHealth literacy. Lower eHealth literacy was related to older age ( F=12.618, P<.001), female gender( t=3.303, P<.01), living in rural areas( F=11.356, P<.001), having less education( F=59.084, P<.001), being unmarried, divorced or widowed( t=4.416, P<.001), having a lower family income( F=38.017, P<.001), living with others(χ2=4.319, P<.05), and not having health insurance( F=12.713, P<.001). There were significant differences across physical functioning( t=-4.862, P<.001), role- physical( t=-2.485, P<.05), bodily pain( t=-3.470, P<.01), general health( t=-4.449, P<.001), vitality( t=-3.498, P<.001), role-emotional( t=-2.654, P<.01), mental health( t=-4.150, P<.001), physical component summary( t=-6.350, P<.001) and mental component summary( t=-4.483, P<.001) between adequate eHealth literacy and inadequate eHealth literacy. After controlling for age, gender, and other covariates, adequate eHealth literacy was positively related to physical component summary ( beta=7.6, P<.001) and mental component summary(beta=4.6, P=.001). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Chinese older adults with higher eHealth literacy were more likely to contribute to higher HRQoL. Thus, Older adults’ eHealth literacy levels need to be taken into account when formulating health education and promotion programs for older adults, especially when the expected outcome is to improve HRQoL.

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