Measuring the Effect of Neighborhood Racial Segregation on Fetal Growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 019394592110370
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Kehm ◽  
Dawn P. Misra ◽  
Jaime C. Slaughter-Acey ◽  
Theresa L. Osypuk
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Environment Study ◽  
Life Course Framework ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Composition Factors

Prior studies of neighborhood racial segregation and intrauterine growth have not accounted for confounding factors in early life. We used the Life-Course Influences on Fetal Environment Study of births to Black women in metropolitan Detroit, 2009–2011, ( N = 1,408) to examine whether health and social conditions in childhood and adulthood confound or modify the association of neighborhood segregation (addresses during pregnancy geocoded to census tract racial composition) and gestational age-adjusted birthweight. Before adjusting for covariates, women living in a predominantly (≥75%) Black neighborhood gave birth to 47.3 grams (95% CI: –99.0, 4.4) lighter infants, on average, compared with women living in <75% Black neighborhoods. This association was confounded by adulthood (age at delivery, parity, neighborhood deprivation) and childhood (parental education, neighborhood racial composition) factors and modified by adulthood socioeconomic position. These findings underscore the complex relationship between neighborhood racial segregation and birth outcomes, which would be enhanced through a life course framework.

scholarly journals Racial Composition Over the Lifecourse: Examining Separate and Unequal Environments and the Risk for Heart Disease for African American Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keon L. Gilbert, DrPH ◽  
Keith Elder, PhD ◽  
Sarah Lyons, MS ◽  
Kimberly A. Kaphingst, ScD ◽  
Melvin Blanchard, MD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
African American ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Primary Care Clinic ◽  
Racial Composition ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
The Life Course

<strong>Purpose: </strong>Studies have demonstrated the effects of segregated social and physi­cal environments on the development of chronic diseases for African Americans. Studies have not delineated the effects of segregated environments specifically on the health of African American men over their lifetime. This study examines the relation­ship between life course measures of racial composition of social environments and diagnosis of hypertension among African American men.<p><strong>Design: </strong>We analyzed cross-sectional data from a convenience sample of African American men seeking health care services in an outpatient primary care clinic serving a medically underserved patient population (<em>N</em>=118). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between racial composition of multiple environments across the life course (eg, junior high school, high school, neighbor­hood growing up, current neighborhood, place of employment, place of worship) and hypertension diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority (86%) of participants were not currently in the workforce (retired, unemployed, or disabled) and more than half (54%) reported an annual household income of &lt;$9,999; median age was 53. Results suggest that African American men who grew up in mostly Black neighbor­hoods (OR=4.3; <em>P</em>=.008), and worked in mostly Black environments (OR=3.1; <em>P</em>=.041) were more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension than those who did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found associations between mostly Black residential and work­place settings and hypertension diagnoses among African American men. Findings sug­gest exposure to segregated environments during childhood and later adulthood may impact hypertension risk among African American men over the life course. <em>Ethn Dis</em>. 2015;25(3):295-304.</p>

scholarly journals The Persistent Influence of Socio-Economic Background on Family Formation Pathways and Disadvantage in Young Adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Jarl Mooyaart
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and economic (dis)advantage and reveals to what extent the influence of parental education on family formation persists over time, i.e. across birth cohorts. The second part of this chapter examines to what extent the influence of socio-economic background persists over the life-course. This part covers: (1) the influence of parental education on union formation over the life-course, and (2) the influence of socio-economic background on income trajectories in young adulthood, after adjusting for the career and family pathways that young adults followed during the transition to adulthood, thereby examining the influence of socio-economic background on income beyond the first stage of young adulthood. This chapter reveals two key insights on the linkages between socio-economic background, family formation and (dis)advantage: (1) Whereas union and family formation patterns have changed across birth cohorts, socio-economic background continues to stratify union and family formation pathways; (2) Although the influence of socio-economic background on family formation and young adults’ economic position decreases throughout young adulthood, socio-economic background continues to have an impact in young adulthood.

scholarly journals Charting the life course: Emerging opportunities to advance scientific approaches using life course research

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi A. Hanson ◽  
Claire L. Leiser ◽  
Gretchen Bandoli ◽  
Brad H. Pollock ◽  
Margaret R. Karagas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Epistemological Foundation ◽  
Science Domain ◽  
Life Course Framework ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Complex Systems Science

Abstract Life course research embraces the complexity of health and disease development, tackling the extensive interactions between genetics and environment. This interdisciplinary blueprint, or theoretical framework, offers a structure for research ideas and specifies relationships between related factors. Traditionally, methodological approaches attempt to reduce the complexity of these dynamic interactions and decompose health into component parts, ignoring the complex reciprocal interaction of factors that shape health over time. New methods that match the epistemological foundation of the life course framework are needed to fully explore adaptive, multilevel, and reciprocal interactions between individuals and their environment. The focus of this article is to (1) delineate the differences between lifespan and life course research, (2) articulate the importance of complex systems science as a methodological framework in the life course research toolbox to guide our research questions, (3) raise key questions that can be asked within the clinical and translational science domain utilizing this framework, and (4) provide recommendations for life course research implementation, charting the way forward. Recent advances in computational analytics, computer science, and data collection could be used to approximate, measure, and analyze the intertwining and dynamic nature of genetic and environmental factors involved in health development.

scholarly journals Maternal body weight trajectories across the life course and risk of preterm delivery

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Straughen ◽  
M. Bazydlo ◽  
S. Havstad ◽  
F. Shafie-Khorassani ◽  
D. P. Misra
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Trajectory Group ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Weight Percentile

We examined the association between life course body weight percentile trajectories and risk for preterm delivery (PTD). Data about women’s weight at birth, age 18, and before pregnancy were obtained by retrospective self-report in a cohort of 1410 black women in metropolitan Detroit. Growth mixture models were used to categorize women with similar weight percentile trajectories across these time points. Log-Poisson models were used to examine the association between the trajectory groups and PTD. Four trajectory groups with different beginning and endpoints of their weight percentiles (high-high, high-low, low-high and low-low) best fit the data. The groups with the highest prevalence of PTD were those that started low (low-high, 21%; low-low, 18%). The low-high group had a higher prevalence of PTD than the high-high trajectory group in unadjusted models (prevalence ratio=1.49 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11, 2.00]). The association became not significant after adjusting for maternal age at delivery, income, diabetes and hypertension. When compared with the high-high trajectory group, the low-low trajectory seemed to also have a higher prevalence of PTD after adjusting for maternal age at delivery, income, diabetes and hypertension (prevalence ratio=1.35 [95% CI 1.00, 1.83]). Results suggest that a woman’s risk for PTD is influenced by her body weight trajectory across the life course.

scholarly journals Life Course Pathways From Childhood SES to Age-Related Declines in Kidney Function Across Adulthood

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 832-832
Author(s):  
Agus Surachman ◽  
Alexis Santos ◽  
Jonathan Daw ◽  
Lacy Alexander ◽  
Christopher Coe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Age is a strong predictor of declines in kidney function across adulthood. Using data from 2,045 adults (ages 25-84) in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we examined the life course pathways through which low parental education, through adult SES and body mass index (BMI), was associated with faster age-related declines in kidney function. Kidney function declines by 0.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year across adulthood. Lower parental education, through adult SES and BMI, was associated with higher kidney function among younger adults (Est = -1.61, SE = 0.62, 95%CI = -2.62, -0.60), but lower kidney function among older adults (Est = 0.93, SE = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.11, 1.79). The impact of early socioeconomic adversity on kidney function is initiated by kidney hyperfiltration in early adulthood and followed by faster declines and development into disease state in later adulthood.

scholarly journals Iridescent Life Course: LGBTQ Aging Research and Blueprint for the Future – A Systematic Review

Gerontology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen I. Fredriksen Goldsen ◽  
Sarah Jen ◽  
Anna Muraco
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Life Course Framework ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Over Time

Background: LGBTQ* (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer) older adults are demographically diverse and growing populations. In an earlier 25-year review of the literature on sexual orientation and aging, we identified four waves of research that addressed dispelling negative stereotypes, psychosocial adjustment to aging, identity development, and social and community-based support in the lives of LGBTQ older adults. Objectives: The current review was designed to develop an evidence base for the field of LGBTQ aging as well as to assess the strengths and limitations of the existing research and to articulate a blueprint for future research. Methods: Using a life course framework, we applied a systematic narrative analysis of research on LGBTQ aging. The review included 66 empirical peer-reviewed journal articles (2009–2016) focusing on LGBTQ adults aged 50 years and older, as well as age-based comparisons (50 years and older with those younger). Results: A recent wave of research on the health and well-being of LGBTQ older adults was identified. Since the prior review, the field has grown rapidly. Several findings were salient, including the increas­ed application of theory (with critical theories most often used) and more varied research designs and methods. While ­existing life course theory provided a structure for the investigation of the social dimensions of LGBTQ aging, it was limited in its attention to intersectionality and the psychological, behavioral, and biological work emerging in the field. There were few studies addressing the oldest in these ­communities, bisexuals, gender non-binary older adults, intersex, ­older adults of color, and those living in poverty. ­Conclusions: The Iridescent Life Course framework highlights the interplay of light and environment, creating dynamic and fluid colors as perceived from different angles and perspectives over time. Such an approach incorporates both queering and trans-forming the life course, capturing intersectionality, fluidity over time, and the psychological, behavioral, and biological as well as social dimensions of LGBTQ aging. Work is needed that investigates trauma, differing configurations of risks and resources over the life course, inequities and opportunities in representation and capital as LGBTQ adults age, and greater attention to subgroups that remain largely invisible in existing research. More depth than breadth is imperative for the field, and multilevel, longitudinal, and global initiatives are needed.

scholarly journals Life-course trajectories of body mass index from adolescence to old age: Racial and educational disparities

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (17) ◽  
pp. e2020167118
Author(s):  
Yang Claire Yang ◽  
Christine E. Walsh ◽  
Moira P. Johnson ◽  
Daniel W. Belsky ◽  
Max Reason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Bmi Trajectories ◽  
The Life Course

No research exists on how body mass index (BMI) changes with age over the full life span and social disparities therein. This study aims to fill the gap using an innovative life-course research design and analytic methods to model BMI trajectories from early adolescence to old age across 20th-century birth cohorts and test sociodemographic variation in such trajectories. We conducted the pooled integrative data analysis (IDA) to combine data from four national population-based NIH longitudinal cohort studies that collectively cover multiple stages of the life course (Add Health, MIDUS, ACL, and HRS) and estimate mixed-effects models of age trajectories of BMI for men and women. We examined associations of BMI trajectories with birth cohort, race/ethnicity, parental education, and adult educational attainment. We found higher mean levels of and larger increases in BMI with age across more recent birth cohorts as compared with earlier-born cohorts. Black and Hispanic excesses in BMI compared with Whites were present early in life and persisted at all ages, and, in the case of Black–White disparities, were of larger magnitude for more recent cohorts. Higher parental and adulthood educational attainment were associated with lower levels of BMI at all ages. Women with college-educated parents also experienced less cohort increase in mean BMI. Both race and education disparities in BMI trajectories were larger for women compared with men.

scholarly journals Combining longitudinal data from different cohorts to examine the life-course trajectory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael A. Hughes ◽  
Kate Tilling ◽  
Deborah A. Lawlor
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nonlinear Growth ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Weight Trajectories

Longitudinal data are necessary to reveal changes within the same individual as they age. However, rarely will a single cohort capture data throughout the lifespan. We describe in detail the steps needed to develop life-course trajectories from cohorts that cover different and overlapping periods of life. Such independent studies are likely from heterogenous populations which raises several challenges including: data harmonisation (deriving new harmonised variables from differently measured variables by identifying common elements across all studies); systematically missing data (variables not measured are missing for all participants of a cohort); and model selection with differing age ranges and measurement schedules. We illustrate how to overcome these challenges using an example which examines the effects of parental education, sex, and ethnicity on weight trajectories. Data were from five prospective cohorts (Belarus and four UK regions), spanning from birth to early adulthood during differing calendar periods. Key strengths of our approach include modelling trajectories over wide age ranges, sharing of information across studies and direct comparison of the same parts of the life-course in different geographical regions and time periods. We also introduce a novel approach of imputing individual-level covariates of a multilevel model with a nonlinear growth trajectory and interactions.

Developmental and Life-Course Criminology

2018 ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lila Kazemian ◽  
David P. Farrington ◽  
Alex R. Piquero
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Life Course Criminology ◽  
Focal Concerns ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Life Course Framework ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Desistance From Crime

This chapter provides a brief overview of developmental and life-course criminology. These approaches are concerned with the study of the development of offending over the course of one's life, from onset to persistence and, eventually, desistance. Although these two theoretical approaches share many common features, they have distinctive focal concerns. Stemming from the field of sociology, the life-course perspective focuses attention on social structure and life events. The developmental approach, on the other hand, stems from the field of psychology and generally emphasizes the role of individual and psychological factors in the explanation of developmental processes. Moreover, the developmental approach investigates the onset of offending as well as the role of early risk and protective factors in the explanation of future offending. Meanwhile, the life-course framework examines the influence of turning points in offending trajectories and in the process of desistance from crime.

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