Generative Grammar (GG)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Karim Nazari Bagha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
Phonetic Representation ◽  
Phonological Rules

This article consists of eight parts: introduction, the organization of a Generative Grammar, operation of the system of base rules, deep structure, surface structure and transformational rules, standard theory, extended standard theory, revised extended standard theory, and minimalism. According to Chomsky, the grammar of a language establishes a relationship between sound and meaning, i.e., between phonetic representation and semantic representation. To discover this grammar is the primary goal of linguistics. One of Chomsky's attempts to accomplish this goal is the standard theory grammar, which has been outlined in the article. We note that the grammar consists of three distinct components: the syntactic component, which consists of a Lexicon and two types of syntactic rules, the Base and the Transformational, the phonological component which consists of phonological rules, and the semantic component, which consists of Semantic rules.

scholarly journals A Brief Account of the Base Component of Transformational Generative Grammar

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. S. Alduais
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Base Component ◽  
Recent Modification

Purpose: To briefly introduce base component of transformational generative grammar (TGG). Method: The study is mainly descriptive where previous and related studies are reviewed and presented to reach a view about the base component of TGG. Results: Base component serves as input to two basic elements of language which are semantic rules and deep structure. Semantic rules give semantic representation. Deep structure leads to transformational rules or transformations which again lead to surface structure. Conclusions: Base component has been introduced and modified in different stages under standard theory (ST) and then it has been modified to extended standard theory (EST). Later on and as a recent modification of this theory, it has been introduced in terms of what is known in nowadays as revised extended standard theory (REST).

scholarly journals Levels of Representation and Semantic Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-15
Author(s):  
Howard Lasnik
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Sentence Form ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Syntactic Derivation ◽  
Anaphoric Relations

The nature of the relationship between sentence form and meaning has been an important concern in generative grammar from the inception of the program. Chomsky (1955) raised the question of whether transformations preserve meaning. The suggested answer was negative at that time, and the locus of interpretation was the T-marker, the entire derivational history. In the standard theory of Chomsky (1965), it was proposed, based on work of Katz, Fodor, and Postal, that Deep Structure, a level newly proposed in that work, is the locus of semantic interpretation, though it was acknowledged that quantifiers raise certain difficulties. Those difficulties, along with similar ones involving anaphoric relations, led to the Extended Standard Theory, where Deep and Surface Structure jointly input interpretation, and soon, with the advent of traces, Surface Structure alone. In subsequent models within the GB framework, the derived syntactic level of LF becomes the sole locus of interpretation. Finally, in more recent Minimalist Chomskyan work, there is argued to be no one level of LF; rather, semantic interpretation is interspersed among cyclic steps of the syntactic derivation, reminiscent of the LSLT proposal, though more restricted, and very similar to proposals of Jackendoff and Lasnik in the 1970's. I will try to sort through the motivations for these changes, focusing especially on the problem of quantifier interpretation.

scholarly journals Sinkretisme dalam Tradisi Bucu Kendhit di Desa Sidokumpul Kabupaten Tuban

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
Siti Inzali Listiadah ◽  
Sucipto Hadi Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Structure Approach ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
Community Trust ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

ABSTRAK   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan struktur luar dan struktur dalam tradisi Bucu Kendhit serta untuk mendeskripsikan perwujudan sinkretisme dalam tradisi Bucu Kendhit di Desa Sidokumpul, Kecamatan Bangilan, Kabupaten Tuban. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan struktural dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. hasil penelitian ini adalah Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) Tradisi Bucu Kendhit memiliki dua struktur yaitu struktur luar (surface structure) dan struktur dalam (deep structure). Struktur luar (surface structure) meliputi: a) Pra upacara dan komponen penyusun; b) Proses pelaksanaan dan c) Ubarampe. Sedangkan struktur dalam (deep structure) meliputi : a) Kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap Tradisi Bucu Kendhit. b) Adanya fungsi Tradisi Bucu Kendhit yang teridiri dari fungsi sosial dan fungsi religi. c) Makna filosofi Tradisi Bucu Kendhit yang terdiri dari makna kebendaan, makna perilaku, dan makna ucapan atau ujaran. (2) Tradisi Bucu Kendhit di Desa Sidokumpul, Kecamatan Bangilan, Kabupaten Tuban memiliki tradisi slametan sebagai perwujudan sinkretisme yang mengandung tiga unsur yaitu: unsur Hindu, unsur Jawa, dan unsur Islam. Kata Kunci: Sinkretisme, Struktur, Tradisi Bucu Kendhit   ABSTRACT   This research is aim to describe the surface structure and deep structure the tradition of Bucu Kendhit, and to describe the manifestation of syncretism in the tradition of Bucu Kendhit in Sidokumpul Village, Bangilan District, Tuban Regency. The approach used in this research is structure approach with descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques used were observation, interview and documentation techniques. The results of this study are: (1) The tradition of Bucu Kendhit has two structures namely the surface structure and the deep structure. The outer structure (surface structure) includes: a) Pre-ceremony and its components; b) The implementation process and c) Ubarampe. While the deep structure includes: a) Community trust in the Tradition of Bucu Kendhit. b) The function of the Bucu Kendhit Tradition which consists of social functions and religious functions. c) The meaning of the tradition of Bucu Kendhit's tradition which consists of material meaning, behavioral meaning, and the meaning of speech or utterance. (2) The tradition of Bucu Kendhit in Sidokumpul Village, Bangilan District, Tuban Regency has a slametan tradition as an embodiment of syncretism which contains three elements, namely: Hinduism, Javanese elements, and Islamic elements.   Keyword: Sinkretisme, Struktur, Tradisi Bucu Kendhit.

scholarly journals Transformational Linguistics and the Implication Towards Second Language Learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Noor Khasanah
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
The World ◽  
Universal Pattern

The essence of Chomsky’s approach to language is the claim that there are linguistic universals in domain of syntax. He felt confident to show that syntax can be defined for any given language. For Chomsky, the nature of such mental representations is largely innate, so if a grammatical theory has explanatory adequacy it must be able to explain the various grammatical nuances of the languages of the world as relatively minor variations in the universal pattern of human language. In teaching English as L2, therefore knowing syntax and grammar of the language is important. Transformational Generative Grammar gives adequate elaboration in understanding them. Thus, the learners are expected to be able to avoid such ambiguity in interpreting the deep structure of a sentence since ambiguity will lead other people as the listeners or hearers of the speakers to misinterpret either consciously or unconsciously. Keywords: Surface Structure;   Deep Structure;  Constituent;  Transformation 

scholarly journals TRADISI RESEPSI AL-QUR’AN DI MASYARAKAT GEMAWANG SINDUADI MLATI YOGYAKARTA (Kajian Living Qur'an)

QOF ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
M. Ulil Abshor
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
Library Studies ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Social Tradition ◽  
And Behavior

Islam springing of the Qur'an is understood as an ideology that gives birth to behavior in the social tradition of society. Likewise the meaning of giving birth exegesis (social interpretation). understanding and meaning of the Qur'an is called "Living Qur'an". The study of the living of the Qur'an, the author examines the tradition of the Al-Qur'an reception in the community of Gemawang Sinduadi Mlati Sleman Yogyakarta. There are 3 traditional traditions of the Al-Qur'an reception, namely the tradition of exegesis receptions, aesthetic receptions and functional receptions. The typology of the study was used to observe the Qur'anic reception tradition in Gemawang Sinduadi Mlati hamlet, Sleman, Yogyakarta. What needs to be revealed from this research is about the motivation and purpose of each Qur'anic reception which is used as the basis for understanding and interpreting daily life. This research is qualitative, in the form of library studies and field studies at the same time. The author uses phenomenological analysis and content. The results obtained there are 2, namely the outer structure surface structure indicates that the community is a society that is calm in its heart and behavior (religious behavior). While the Deep Structure element or structure in the indication is a message of close relations between fellow humans who do not see race, ethnicity, religion or ethnicity. Islam yang bersumber dari al-Qur’an dipahami sebagai ideologi melahirkan perilaku dalam tradisi sosial masyarakat. Begitu pula pemaknaanya melahirkan exegesis (tafsir sosial). pemahaman dan pemaknaan al-Qur’an disebut “Living Qur’an”. Studi living Qur’an ini, penulis meneliti tradisi resepsi al-Qur’an pada masyarakat Gemawang Sinduadi Mlati Sleman Yogyakarta. Ada 3 model tradisi resepsi al-Qur’an, yakni tradisi resepsi exegesis, resepsi estetis dan resepsi fungsional. Tipologi kajian tersebut digunakan untuk meneropong tradisi resepsi al-Qur’an di dusun Gemawang Sinduadi Mlati Sleman Yogyakarta. Yang perlu diungkap dari penelitian ini adalah mengenai motivasi dan tujuan dari setiap resepsi al-Qur’an yang dijadikan landasan dalam memahami dan memaknai dalam kehidupan sehari hari. Penelitian ini yakni kualitatif, berupa studi kepustakaan dan studi lapangan sekaligus. Penulis menggunakan analisis fenomenologis dan isi. Hasil yang diperoleh ada 2 yaitu surface structure struktur luar ini mengindikasikan bahwa masyarakat merupakan masyarakat yang tenang hatinya dan perilakunya (religius behaviour). Sedangkan unsur Deep Structure atau struktur dalam mengindikasinya adanya pesan hubungan yang erat antar sesama manusia yang tidak melihat ras, suku, agama atau etnis.

Separating phonology from syntax: a reanalysis of Pashto cliticization

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Kaisse
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Interface Model ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
Phonological Rule ◽  
Syntactic Derivation ◽  
Phonological Rules

I. A pervasive, though not always explicit assumption of transformational grammar has been that syntactic and phonological rules form separate, discrete units in the organization of grammar; that phonological rules are not ordered among syntactic transformations, but rather apply in a block at the end of the syntactic derivation.1 Chomsky and Halle (1968) go even further in this separation, arguing that the surface structure is not the immediate input to the phonological component, but first undergoes certain ‘readjustment rules’, such as insertion of word boundaries. I have argued elsewhere (Kaisse, 1977) that this added step is unnecessary, and that there are in fact certain inter-word phonological processes that require the full information present in the labeled bracketing of the surface structure. However, my proposal is not a radical departure from the standard theory, in that it remains an INTERFACE model, in line with that proposed in Pullum and Zwicky (to appear). The claim remains that all syntactic rules apply before all phonological rules. In the case of word-internal phonological rules this is perhaps not crucial, but for rules of external sandhi, it is very important, both empirically and theoretically. For if we give up the requirement that no phonological rule apply during a syntactic derivation, we greatly increase the power of our theory of grammar and give up the ability to predict on a universal basis, the order of application of two rules, one phonological and the other syntactic.

Remarks on directionality

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold M. Zwicky
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

In several recent articles the issue of directionality in transformational grammar has been treated, rather unsatisfactorily to my mind. The question is this: are the relationships among the various levels of grammatical description (semantic structure, deep structure, surface structure, phonetic structure) such that certain levels are descriptively prior to others? That is, is there an inherent ‘direction’ to the relationship between two levels of description (say deep structure and surface structure)? Recent treatments suggest that the question is pointless, or that the answer is no. I maintain that this impression results entirely from the way previous discussions have been worded, and that the issues have yet to be approached properly.

scholarly journals A phonetico-semantic analysis of verb-noun contractions in Yoruba

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
B. Rotimi Badejo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Perceptual Distance ◽  
Structure Level ◽  
Phonological Rules

This paper highlights the various studies which have been carried out to determine the rules which govern the elision of one of the vowels in a verb-noun concatenation where the verb is vowel-final and the noun vowel-initial. It proposes that there are basically three phonological rules which come into play at the Deep Structure Level. However, at the Surface Structure Level, the paper recognizes that there is a Semantic Dissimilation Principle (SDP), which may block the application of otherwise well-motivated rules. The SDP, then, guarantees maximal perceptual distance between otherwise homophonous products of the phonological rules.

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