scholarly journals Levels of Representation and Semantic Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-15
Author(s):  
Howard Lasnik
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Sentence Form ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Syntactic Derivation ◽  
Anaphoric Relations

The nature of the relationship between sentence form and meaning has been an important concern in generative grammar from the inception of the program. Chomsky (1955) raised the question of whether transformations preserve meaning. The suggested answer was negative at that time, and the locus of interpretation was the T-marker, the entire derivational history. In the standard theory of Chomsky (1965), it was proposed, based on work of Katz, Fodor, and Postal, that Deep Structure, a level newly proposed in that work, is the locus of semantic interpretation, though it was acknowledged that quantifiers raise certain difficulties. Those difficulties, along with similar ones involving anaphoric relations, led to the Extended Standard Theory, where Deep and Surface Structure jointly input interpretation, and soon, with the advent of traces, Surface Structure alone. In subsequent models within the GB framework, the derived syntactic level of LF becomes the sole locus of interpretation. Finally, in more recent Minimalist Chomskyan work, there is argued to be no one level of LF; rather, semantic interpretation is interspersed among cyclic steps of the syntactic derivation, reminiscent of the LSLT proposal, though more restricted, and very similar to proposals of Jackendoff and Lasnik in the 1970's. I will try to sort through the motivations for these changes, focusing especially on the problem of quantifier interpretation.

scholarly journals A Brief Account of the Base Component of Transformational Generative Grammar

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. S. Alduais
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Base Component ◽  
Recent Modification

Purpose: To briefly introduce base component of transformational generative grammar (TGG). Method: The study is mainly descriptive where previous and related studies are reviewed and presented to reach a view about the base component of TGG. Results: Base component serves as input to two basic elements of language which are semantic rules and deep structure. Semantic rules give semantic representation. Deep structure leads to transformational rules or transformations which again lead to surface structure. Conclusions: Base component has been introduced and modified in different stages under standard theory (ST) and then it has been modified to extended standard theory (EST). Later on and as a recent modification of this theory, it has been introduced in terms of what is known in nowadays as revised extended standard theory (REST).

Generative Grammar (GG)

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Karim Nazari Bagha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
Phonetic Representation ◽  
Phonological Rules

This article consists of eight parts: introduction, the organization of a Generative Grammar, operation of the system of base rules, deep structure, surface structure and transformational rules, standard theory, extended standard theory, revised extended standard theory, and minimalism. According to Chomsky, the grammar of a language establishes a relationship between sound and meaning, i.e., between phonetic representation and semantic representation. To discover this grammar is the primary goal of linguistics. One of Chomsky's attempts to accomplish this goal is the standard theory grammar, which has been outlined in the article. We note that the grammar consists of three distinct components: the syntactic component, which consists of a Lexicon and two types of syntactic rules, the Base and the Transformational, the phonological component which consists of phonological rules, and the semantic component, which consists of Semantic rules.

scholarly journals THE MYTHOLOGY OF KAMPUNG NAGA COMMUNITY

Al-Albab ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Iryana
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Objective Analysis ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Model Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

In order to gain understanding of the meaning of symbolic variants of the myth in Kampung Naga, an objective analysis is required. Therefore, this paper applied the linguistic model study offered by Levi-Strauss as a new step for the objectivity of myth interpretation. The basic assumption of Levi-Strauss’ linguistic model is that myth often display a diverse surface structure, but in fact the diversity is the description of the human deep structure. The selection of this myth was solely based on the life of the Kampung Naga community as part of Sundanese Society. The results indicated that the myth in the religious life of the Kampung Naga community contains a various stories which include the revelation, the reincarnation, and the descent of revelation. These episodes can be constructed into the structure of a Levi-Strauss linguistic model, a binary opposition, namely the mandate giver (active) the mandate recipient (passive). The relationship between the giver and the receiver is vertical (structural) called “structure of three” (regular). From the “structure of three”, the “culinary triangle” can be constructed. From the “combined triangle”, the Batara Guru will also appear to become a central event that other figures have to go through. Finally, it can be stated that the deep structure construction that still refers to the aspect of Javanese cosmology in General.

Meaning and Structure

1972 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Richard Rystrom
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Reading Acquisition ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Reading Teachers ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Reading Behaviors ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
The Relationship

Reading teachers and researchers have frequently assumed there is Some relationship between the syntactic structure of language and the reading acquisition process. Indeed, most methods for teaching reading are implicitly built upon assumptions about the interactions between language and reading behaviors. Often the findings of linguists can be used to suggest the nature of the relationship described above. Illustrated in this paper are different sentences which can be transformed in such a way that each has the same surface structure (typographic appearance) as the others, but which do not have the same meanings (deep structure). The paper illustrates why sentences which have various different meanings implicit in their syntactic structure would be difficult for beginning readers to understand.

RELASI WONG CILIK DAN PRIYAYI DALAM PASAR, PENGAKUAN PARIYEM, DAN GADIS PANTAI (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GRASSROOTS (WONG CILIK) AND THE NOBLEMAN (PRIYAYI) IN PASAR, PENGAKUAN PARIYEM, AND GADIS PANTAI)

Widyaparwa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratun Untoro
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Happy Life ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap konsep hidup bahagia orang Jawa melalui relasi antara wong cilik dan priayi dalam tiga novel Pasar, Pengakuan Pariyem, dan Gadis Pantai. Relasi-relasi ter-sebut diperoleh dengan mencari ceritheme dan mitheme berupa tindakan dan cara pandang tokoh-tokoh menggunakan model teori strukturalisme Levi-Strauss. Ceritheme dan mitheme tersebut di-gunakan untuk mencari struktur dasar (surface structure) berupa pasangan-pasangan oposisi. Hal itu untuk mengantarkan pada temuan struktur nirsadar (deep structure) berupa cara pandang atau cara berpikir manusia. Oleh karena ketiga novel tersebut merupakan novel etnografi dengan latar belakang budaya Jawa, penelitian ini menemukan model cara berpikir manusia Jawa, khususnya mengenai hubungan antara wong cilik dan priayi. Ditemukan pula bahwa derajat wong cilik dan priayi tidak memengaruhi tingkat kebahagiaan manusia Jawa.The research is aimed to reveal Javanese happy life concept through relationship between the grass-roots and the nobleman in three novels, namely Pasar, Pengakuan Pariyem and Gadis Pantai. The relations are obtained by searching ceritheme and mitheme in form of action and character point of view using the theoretical model of Levi-Strauss structuralism. Mitheme and ceritheme are used to find surface structure in form of opposition pairs. The ceritheme and mitheme even-tually lead to discovery of deep structure in the form of point of view or way of human thinking. Therefore, the three novels are a ethnographical novels with Javanese cultural background. This re-search suggests the Javanese mans model of thinking, particularly the relationship between the grassroots and the nobleman. It is also found out that the grassroot status and the nobleman status do not affect the level of Javanese mans happiness.

scholarly journals Transformational Linguistics and the Implication Towards Second Language Learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Noor Khasanah
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
The World ◽  
Universal Pattern

The essence of Chomsky’s approach to language is the claim that there are linguistic universals in domain of syntax. He felt confident to show that syntax can be defined for any given language. For Chomsky, the nature of such mental representations is largely innate, so if a grammatical theory has explanatory adequacy it must be able to explain the various grammatical nuances of the languages of the world as relatively minor variations in the universal pattern of human language. In teaching English as L2, therefore knowing syntax and grammar of the language is important. Transformational Generative Grammar gives adequate elaboration in understanding them. Thus, the learners are expected to be able to avoid such ambiguity in interpreting the deep structure of a sentence since ambiguity will lead other people as the listeners or hearers of the speakers to misinterpret either consciously or unconsciously. Keywords: Surface Structure;   Deep Structure;  Constituent;  Transformation 

scholarly journals The Correlation between Old and New Linguistic Paradigms: A Literature Review Based on Kuhn’s School of Thoughts

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Hanan Sarhan Alsubaiai
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Minimalist Program ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
New Schools ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Program Point ◽  
Qualitative Literature

This study aims to assess the evidence regarding the relationship between previous and new schools of linguistics. According to Kuhn (1970), old linguistic paradigms incorporate vocabulary and apparatus from previous or traditional paradigms. In particular, this review addresses the Question: Do new paradigms in linguistic arise from old or previous ones, as Kuhn suggested? The study is significant in understanding emerging schools of linguistics based on previous ones. A qualitative literature review was applied to compare new and old schools of linguistics. According to the findings, there is substantial evidence that functionalism, structuralism, and Transformational-Generative Grammar support Kuhn's argument. Most notably, the changes of the transformational-generative grammar from a consistent and straightforward Standard Theory to an improved Extended Standard Theory, and finally, to the Minimalist Program, point towards the same conclusion. Interestingly, the transformations demonstrate how new paradigms arise from old paradigms without borrowing many concepts, terms, and experiments from them. This study draws the attention of linguists in the 21st Century to pay closer attention to the trends in schools of linguistics. 

Separating phonology from syntax: a reanalysis of Pashto cliticization

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Kaisse
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Interface Model ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
Phonological Rule ◽  
Syntactic Derivation ◽  
Phonological Rules

I. A pervasive, though not always explicit assumption of transformational grammar has been that syntactic and phonological rules form separate, discrete units in the organization of grammar; that phonological rules are not ordered among syntactic transformations, but rather apply in a block at the end of the syntactic derivation.1 Chomsky and Halle (1968) go even further in this separation, arguing that the surface structure is not the immediate input to the phonological component, but first undergoes certain ‘readjustment rules’, such as insertion of word boundaries. I have argued elsewhere (Kaisse, 1977) that this added step is unnecessary, and that there are in fact certain inter-word phonological processes that require the full information present in the labeled bracketing of the surface structure. However, my proposal is not a radical departure from the standard theory, in that it remains an INTERFACE model, in line with that proposed in Pullum and Zwicky (to appear). The claim remains that all syntactic rules apply before all phonological rules. In the case of word-internal phonological rules this is perhaps not crucial, but for rules of external sandhi, it is very important, both empirically and theoretically. For if we give up the requirement that no phonological rule apply during a syntactic derivation, we greatly increase the power of our theory of grammar and give up the ability to predict on a universal basis, the order of application of two rules, one phonological and the other syntactic.

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