The Overt and Hidden Use of Animal-Derived Products in Alternative Methods for Skin Sensitisation: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 174-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Marigliani ◽  
Felipe Perraro Sehn ◽  
Josemar Vinicius Maiworm Abreu Silva ◽  
Luciene Bottentuit López Balottin ◽  
Elisabeth de Fatima Pires Augusto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Skin Sensitisation ◽  
Animal Alternatives

In vitro methods that can replace animal testing in the identification of skin sensitisers are now a reality. However, as cell culture and related techniques usually rely on animal-derived products, these methods may be failing to address the complete replacement of animals in safety assessment. The objective of this study was to identify the animal-derived products that are used as part of in vitro methods for skin sensitisation testing. Thus, a systematic review of 156 articles featuring 83 different in vitro methods was carried out and, from this review, the use of several animal-derived products from different species was identified, with the use of fetal bovine serum being cited in most of the methods (78%). The use of sera from other animals, monoclonal antibodies and animal proteins were also variously mentioned. While non-animal alternatives are available and methods free of animal-derived products are emerging, most of the current methods reported used at least one animal-derived product, which raises ethical and technical concerns. Therefore, to deliver technically and ethically better in vitro methods for the safety assessment of chemicals, more effort should be made to replace products of animal origin in existing methods and to avoid their use in the development of new method protocols.

scholarly journals ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF BIOMODELING FOR FUNCTIONAL FOOD PRODUCTS EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH

Food systems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Liliya V. Fedulova ◽  
Ekaterina R. Vasilevskaya ◽  
Elena A. Kotenkova ◽  
Elta B. Kashinova
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
In Vitro Methods

The article describes in vitro methods basic principles, authors analyzed cell and tissue cultures used to assess toxicity and specific biological activity, including metabolic processes, include antihypertensive and cytoprotective properties analysis, antioxidant activity (in vitro and ex vivo) used to study ingredients functional properties based on animal origin raw materials, as well as meat products.

The EYTEX™ System and the Neutral Red Uptake Inhibition Assay in Cultured Hep G2 Cells as Alternative Methods for In Vivo Eye Irritation Following the EEC Protocol

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Paul J. Dierickx ◽  
Virginia C. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Inhibition Assay ◽  
Hep G2 ◽  
Hep G2 Cells ◽  
Eye Irritation ◽  
Uptake Inhibition ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Neutral Red Uptake

The neutral red uptake inhibition assay and the EYTEX™ system were investigated as alternative methods for the assessment of eye irritation, determined according to the EEC protocol. The 17 test chemicals used were mainly organic solvents. The xenobiotics were applied to Hep G2 cells for 24 hours at different concentrations. Neutral red uptake inhibition was then measured. The results are expressed as the NI50 value, which is the concentration of test compound required to induce a 50% reduction in neutral red uptake. The same chemicals were also tested as coded samples by the EYTEX™ test according to the manufacturer's directions. A nearly identical quantitative correlation was found for both in vitro methods with corneal opacity scores: r = 0.84 for EYTEX™ scores and r = 0.83 for log NI50, expressed in μg/ml. Whilst these correlations are certainly not perfect, it is clear that both in vitro methods can be used as valuable prescreening methods.

Selection of Chemicals for the Development and Evaluation of In Vitro Methods for Skin Sensitisation Testing

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Casati ◽  
Pierre Aeby ◽  
Ian Kimber ◽  
Gavin Maxwell ◽  
Jean Marc Ovigne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Skin Sensitisation ◽  
Selection Of

Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Environmental Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Grindon ◽  
Robert Combes ◽  
Mark T.D. Cronin ◽  
David W. Roberts ◽  
John F. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Testing Strategies

Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME recently conducted a research project sponsored by Defra on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for using alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) for environmental (aquatic) toxicity testing. The manuscript reviews tests based on fish cells and cell lines, fish embryos, lower organisms, and the many expert systems and QSARs for aquatic toxicity testing. Ways in which reduction and refinement measures can be used are also discussed, including the Upper Threshold Concentration — Step Down (UTC) approach, which has recently been retrospectively validated by ECVAM and subsequently endorsed by the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC). It is hoped that the application of this approach could reduce the number of fish used in acute toxicity studies by around 65–70%. Decision-tree style integrated testing strategies are also proposed for acute aquatic toxicity and chronic toxicity (including bioaccumulation), followed by a number of recommendations for the future facilitation of aquatic toxicity testing with respect to environmental risk assessment.

Development of Potential Alternatives to the Draize Eye Test: The CTFA Evaluation of Alternatives Program. Phase II: Review of Materials and Methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Gettings ◽  
Daniel M. Bagley ◽  
Michael Chudkowski ◽  
Janis L. Demetrullas ◽  
Louis C. DiPasquale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Ocular Irritation ◽  
Member Company ◽  
Sole Criterion

The CTFA Evaluation of Alternatives Program is a multi-year effort, organised by the CTFA Animal Welfare Task Force, designed to evaluate the performance of currently promising in vitro (alternative) methods to the Draize eye irritancy test. The sole criterion for inclusion of a particular test is that it shows some initial promise as an alternative to the Draize eye test, and that it is under evaluation or development by a participating CTFA member company. Tests are evaluated for their ability to rank and discriminate the ocular irritation potential of prototype cosmetic and personal care formulations compared to the Draize eye test. Test materials and in vitro methods currently under evaluation in Phase II of the CTFA Program are described. Additional tests may be included in subsequent phases of the Program, should it be determined that they show particular promise as replacements for specific types of formulation. Conversely (at the discretion of sponsors), tests may be removed from the Program should initial promise be unfulfilled.

scholarly journals Contact Allergy to Fragrances: In Vitro Opportunities for Safety Assessment

Cosmetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Corsini ◽  
Valentina Galbiati
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Contact Allergy ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Cosmetic Ingredients ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Allergic Contact

The majority of cosmetic products contain fragrances to make products more pleasant to the consumer, as we all like goods that smell nice. Unfortunately, contact allergy to fragrance compounds is among the most frequent findings in patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. In order to revert this and to reduce contact allergy to cosmetics, it is imperative to improve safety assessment of cosmetic products for skin sensitization. In the era of animal ban for cosmetic ingredients, this represents a challenge. Luckily, in the last decades, substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanism of chemical-induced contact allergy and several in vitro methods are available for hazard identification. The purpose of this manuscript is to explore the possibility of non-animal testing for quantitative risk assessment of fragrance-induced contact allergy, essential for cosmetic products, which cannot be tested on animals.

In Vitro Methods: Alternatives to Animal Testing

2019 ◽  
pp. 447-457
Author(s):  
Dayane Pifer Luco ◽  
Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva ◽  
Heather A.E. Benson ◽  
Patricia Santos Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Animal Testing ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Alternatives To Animal Testing

scholarly journals Endothelial Cells as Tools to Model Tissue Microenvironment in Hypoxia-Dependent Pathologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Majewska ◽  
Kinga Wilkus ◽  
Klaudia Brodaczewska ◽  
Claudine Kieda
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Tissue Microenvironment ◽  
Vessel Permeability ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Tissues

Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the blood vessels are important players in many biological phenomena but are crucial in hypoxia-dependent diseases where their deregulation contributes to pathology. On the other hand, processes mediated by ECs, such as angiogenesis, vessel permeability, interactions with cells and factors circulating in the blood, maintain homeostasis of the organism. Understanding the diversity and heterogeneity of ECs in different tissues and during various biological processes is crucial in biomedical research to properly develop our knowledge on many diseases, including cancer. Here, we review the most important aspects related to ECs’ heterogeneity and list the available in vitro tools to study different angiogenesis-related pathologies. We focus on the relationship between functions of ECs and their organo-specificity but also point to how the microenvironment, mainly hypoxia, shapes their activity. We believe that taking into account the specific features of ECs that are relevant to the object of the study (organ or disease state), especially in a simplified in vitro setting, is important to truly depict the biology of endothelium and its consequences. This is possible in many instances with the use of proper in vitro tools as alternative methods to animal testing.

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