How walkable is Walker’s paradise?

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Koschinsky ◽  
Emily Talen ◽  
Mariela Alfonzo ◽  
Sungduck Lee
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Metro Area ◽  
Walk Score ◽  
Good Proxy ◽  
Walking Environment ◽  
The Relationship

This article tests the extent to which a measure of walkable access is a good proxy for the quality of the walking environment. Based on existing findings on inequalities of walkability, we ask whether this relation varies between neighborhoods with low and high incomes. Walk Score is used to measure walkable access while the State of Place Index is applied to synthesize the qualitative urban form dimensions collected as part of the Irvine Minnesota Inventory. Simple bivariate correlations and difference-in-means tests assess the relationship and difference in average scores between the two. We draw on an existing sample of 115 walkable neighborhoods in the Washington, DC metro area that Mariela Alfonzo and colleagues had collected for previous research and that we augmented to include additional low-income neighborhoods. Our results reveal a strong and positive overall association between walkable access (Walk Score) and walkability (State of Place). However, this association masks problems with the quality of the walking environment that are significantly larger in low-income neighborhoods (even those with very good walkable access), especially regarding connectivity, personal safety, and the presence of litter and graffiti. As a proxy for walkability, Walk Score’s walkable access measure is, therefore, not equally strong across all neighborhoods but declines with income. In this sense, Walker’s Paradise is more walkable in higher than low-income neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Governance and government debt

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
João Imaginário ◽  
Maria João Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Debt Accumulation ◽  
Governance Environment ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
The Relationship

The continuous increase in debt ratios raises concerns in economic institutions concerning fiscal sustainability and its effect on the world economy. The empirical evidence has shown that both developed and developing countries have become highly indebted and fiscal deficits are not sustainable (Afonso, 2005) As such, the quality of institutions has an important role in debt accumulation (Presbitero, 2008) and fiscal stance is closely related to government institution quality as well as political and social stability (Woo, 2003). However, little attention has been devoted to the relationship between governance quality and government debt. This study examines whether the quality of governance relates to government debt. Using a sample of 164 countries for the period between 2002 and 2015, our results show that governance quality is negatively and statistically related to government debt. For low income countries evidence was found that a better governance environment is associated with lower public debt levels for low income countries, but not for high-income countries.

scholarly journals Fear follows form: A study of the relationship between neighborhood type, income and fear of crime at train stations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 585-603
Author(s):  
Sofie Kirt Strandbygaard ◽  
Otto Anker Nielsen ◽  
Alan Keith Spence Jones ◽  
Bo Grönlund ◽  
Lotte Bjerregaard Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Fear Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Income Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neighborhood Type

In pursuing fear-reduction strategies in public transport, the total experience of accessing rail stations should be taken into account. This article correlates passengers’ fear of crime at train stations with neighborhood types and income data within the pedestrian catchment area. The research is based on urban form and income around 84 S-train stations in the Copenhagen metropolitan area and nine years of passenger surveys on fear of crime at these stations. The study reveals a significant positive correlation between low income and fear of crime; the lower the income in an urban area, the more unsafe passengers feel at the station. However, when controlling for the relationship between income, safety and neighborhood type, stations in neighborhoods with urban form associated with low incomes have the lowest ratings of safety. The research indicates that train passengers’ sense of security is connected to neighborhood type and the city’s planning characteristics. This is an important finding for urban designers and planners working on the integration of public transport and station design in urban areas.

scholarly journals Predictors of eviction and quality of tenant-landlord relationships during the 2020-2021 eviction moratorium in the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Tsai ◽  
Minda Huang ◽  
John Blosnich ◽  
Eric Elbogen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Relationship

In 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued several agency orders that put into effect a national moratorium on evictions for over one year to limit transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Little is known about landlord and tenant behaviors during the eviction moratorium. The current study used three waves of data from May 2020-April 2021 from a nationally representative sample of U.S. middle- and low-income tenants (n= 3,393 in Wave 1, n= 1,311 in Wave 2, and 814 in Wave 3) to examine tenants who were evicted during the eviction moratorium and the reported effects of the moratorium on tenant rental payments and tenant-landlord relationships. Across three Waves, 4.3% of tenants reported experiencing an eviction during the moratorium and 6-23% of tenants reported delaying paying rent because of the moratorium. Multivariable analyses found that tenants who delayed paying their rent, were female, or had a history of mental illness or substance use disorder were significantly more likely to report the eviction moratorium had a negative effect on the relationship with their landlord. Analyses also revealed that testing positive for COVID-19 was not a significant predictor of eviction but tenants with a history a homelessness were more than 9 times as likely to report an eviction than those without such a history. Together, these findings suggest the eviction moratorium has had some unintended consequences on rent payments and tenant-landlord relationships that need to be considered in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Kajian Analisi Hubungan Kondisi Fisik Rumah Resiko Peceraian Terhadap Penderita TB Paru Di Rungan Perawatan TB Paru Rsud Arifin Achmad Pekanbaru

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Chairil
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Meaningful Relationship ◽  
Physical Risk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulmonary tuberculosis) is the third cause of death after cardiovascular and respiratory tract diseases. The factors that cause pulmonary tuberculosis include low income, economically low nutritional quality of the community, poor physical condition of the house (including air quality in the house), as well as the risk of divorce from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. This study aims to determine the relationship of physical risk conditions of the house. Pulmonary TB patients Population and sample of this study 80 respondents in June 3 to August 2018 with the sample ascentental method. As a result of this study there is a relationship between the physical condition of the house with Pulmonary TB that there is a significant relationship between Physical House with Patients with Pulmonary TB. This is evidenced by the value of P - value> 0.05 which is 1.120 with OR: 0.346 and 85% CI: 0.075 - 1.409. And for the risk of divorce with pulmonary tuberculosis there is no meaningful relationship between divorce and patients with pulmonary TB. This is evidenced by the P value - value> 0.05 which is 0.120 with OR: 0.326 and 95% CI: 0.075 - 1.409. Conclusion This paper is a physical home code such as occupancy density, ventilation and kitchen room temperature can be the occurrence of pulmonary Tb so recommended to improve the condition of the house and treatment of patients as early as possible until the patient is cured and for the risk of divorce there is no relationship with pulmonary tuberculosis the couple accept the state of being, but the need for promotional measures to provide a picture of a healthy home condition and divorce is not a solution for TB sufferers Lungs.    Keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis, state of the home condition, risk of divorce

scholarly journals Hospital Characteristics and the Patient Satisfaction in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Rehan Ahmad Khan Sherwani ◽  
Sajjad Ali Gill ◽  
Shumaila Abbas ◽  
Sana Saeed ◽  
Hira Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Public And Private Hospitals ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hospital Characteristics

Objective: Organizational set up of a hospital is broadly responsible to the transfer of services, their usefulness, and structural performance in patient outcomes. In current research, we study the relationship between hospital characteristics and several dimensions of patient satisfaction. Methods: Cross sectional data of 1680 patients admitted in 14 public and private hospitals located in Lahore, Pakistan was collected through a self-administered questionnaire during March, 2015 to August, 2015. Pearson and Spearman correlation techniques were used in SPSS 21 to find the desired relationships. Results: Patients were significantly (p<0.05) less satisfied in old aged hospitals as compared to the hospitals recently start operating. High income patients were less satisfied with the hospital than the low income patients. In addition, patients with long duration of stay at hospital were more satisfied than the short stay. Conclusion: Patient satisfaction is a key component in choosing a hospital for receiving services and also for recommending it to others. It indicates the service quality as well as its delivery. A common tool to improve the quality of care in hospital is to conduct a patients’ satisfaction survey to explore the factors and areas affecting the satisfaction level and also to find out the reasons for dissatisfaction.

scholarly journals WALKABILITY IN HISTORIC URBAN SPACES: TESTING THE SAFETY AND SECURITY IN MARTYRS' SQUARE IN TRIPOLI

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairi M. Al-bashir Abdulla ◽  
Mohamed Gamal Abdelmonem ◽  
Gehan Selim
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Secure Environment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

Much of the built environment design literature focuses on a composite of walkable spaces variables such as density, diversity, and destination accessibility.  One of the most effective factors in walkability is “safety and security”. There is an evident gap in understanding the perceived ability of Libyan public spaces to support walkability. This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of “walkability” in traditional Libyan urban spaces and analyse the relationship between walking, a safe and secure environment, and its impact on a heritage site in Tripoli city centre. The perceived personal safety of 140 users of the heritage site “Martyrs' Square” were measured; this research is studying the quality of environment and users’ interaction with their environmental issues relating to the study area. Mixed methods were used in this research: this study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to gather information; the quantitative took the form of a questionnaire; and the qualitative took the form of observations. Analysis of quantitative data was conducted with SPSS software; the survey was conducted from August 2016 to September 2016. The results of this study are useful for urban planning, to classify the walkable urban space elements, which could improve the level of walkability in Libyan cities and create sustainable and liveable urban spaces.

scholarly journals Family Doctor Contract Services and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients With Chronic Diseases in Rural China: What Is the Role of Socioeconomic Status?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixian Li ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Peipei Fu ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Zhengyue Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Family Doctor ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
Family Doctors ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract PurposeThe relationship between family doctor contract services (FDCS) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among patients with chronic diseases in rural China was unknown. This study aims to explore the relationship between status of signing on FDCS and HRQOL among patients with chronic diseases and examine whether there are differences in the relationship between different socioeconomic status (SES).MethodsA total of 1,210 respondents were included in this study. HRQOL was measured by EQ-5D-3L. The contracting status was divided into uncontracted and contracted. Tobit regression and Logistic regression were employed to explore the association between contracting status and HRQOL. The interaction terms were included to explore the differences in the association among different SES status.ResultsContracting with family doctors was associated with HRQOL (coefficient = 0.042; 95%CI 0.008 to 0.075). The association was different among different socioeconomic levels that the contracting status was only associated with HRQOL in low-income (P < 0.01) and highly educated patients (P < 0.05). Compared with uncontracted patients, contracted patients reported higher ED-5D-3L utility value in the low-income group (coefficient = 0.116; 95%CI 0.039 to 0.194) and high educational attainment (coefficient = 0.236; 95%CI 0.095 to 0.377).ConclusionsThis study found a significant association between FDCS and HRQOL among chronic patients in rural Shandong, China. This relationship varied by income levels and educational attainment. The government should take efforts to formulate a variety of measures to encourage chronic patients to contract with family doctors, with special attention to people with low SES.

scholarly journals Optimization of Walk Score Based on Street Greening—A Case Study of Zhongshan Road in Qingdao

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1277
Author(s):  
Ye Sun ◽  
Wei Lu ◽  
Peijin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Living Environment ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Street Life ◽  
Walk Score ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Walking Environment

Enhancing the walkability of urban streets is an effective means to improve public health, alleviate traffic congestion, and enhance the living environment. In China, the government has actively encouraged green travel and promoted improvements in the walk system. The walkability of the built environment is affected by many factors. In addition to the configuration of daily life facilities, street greening can have significant effects on walkability. To explore the rationality of street life facilities and understand the impact of the natural attributes of the block space (street-level greening) on the quality of the walking environment, we evaluated the walkability of Zhongshan Road in Qingdao, China and optimized the algorithm of the walk score. In this study, we selected residential areas as the starting point and modified the weight coefficients for facilities to evaluate the walkability of streets. Traditional research methods were combined with street view image capture, and the rate of the attenuation factor was used for the new optimization algorithm. We discussed the rationality of street life facilities and increased the green vision rate using a correction index. By comparing changes in walkability before and after joining, we analyzed the necessity of including new indicators. The results show that the average walking index of Zhongshan Road is 79.74, and the overall performance is good, showing a high trend in the west and a low trend in the east, and a high trend in the south and a low trend in the north. According to the general walking index, western stations and southern coastal areas have higher scores, and living facilities are well equipped; old northern and eastern residential areas have lower scores. Among them, the average weight of bookstores is 0.74, and the average weight of parks is 0.69. To meet residents’ needs for daily leisure activities, adding bookstores or similar facilities in community parks would be necessary to improve daily facilities and services. The average green viewing rate of Zhongshan Road is 20.48%, which is lower than the best visual perception value of 25.00%. Comparing the walking index changes before and after adding the green viewing rate, the high-scoring area shifted from the west to the south, and the west walking index has the most significant decline. Street greening has a certain impact on the quality of the walking environment. The results and conclusions of this study can be used as a reference in developing street walkability indicators and further improving the evaluation system.

The Role of Accessibility to Public Transport and Quality of Walking Environment on Urban Equity: The Case of Santiago de Chile

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (35) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Tiznado-Aitken ◽  
Juan Carlos Muñoz ◽  
Ricardo Hurtubia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Walking Environment ◽  
The City

Most studies of public transport accessibility have focused on proximity to stops, walking distances or time to reach them. This approach ignores other accessibility barriers, such as the quality of the urban environment of these walks. The aim of this research is to analyze both accessibility to public transport stops and the quality of the urban walking environment, exploring fairness issues across the city in terms of these two dimensions. The proposed methodology considers the definition of two indicators: walking accessibility to public transport stops and quality of the walking environment, considering different attributes and dimensions. These indicators are later used to develop a fairness analysis at the local and metropolitan level, using Lorenz curves, Gini coefficient, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty measures. A diagnosis based on these indicators for Santiago de Chile allows us to suggest public policy priorities to improve accessibility to public transport and promote modal shift. The results show that 12 out of 34 municipalities in Santiago are deprived of one or both dimensions, not managing to achieve minimum fairness standards. Moreover, since a correlation between low income and poor access and urban space quality is detected, urban fairness across the city would benefit from centralized urban policies not depending on the budget of each administrative division.

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