scholarly journals Articulating the entrepreneurship career: A study of German women entrepreneurs

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Braches ◽  
Carole Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
German Society ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Career Theory ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
High Employment ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Entrepreneurial Careers

This article examines how German women construct accounts of entrepreneurship as a gendered career. While becoming an entrepreneur was deemed preferable to not having a career, the interpretative repertoires emerging around entrepreneurial careers mainly referred to structural barriers. These included ‘anti-child anti-woman’ attitudes within German society or acceptance of the ‘male game’ due to gendered role expectations embedded within social institutions. Interpreted from a career perspective, the findings indicate that entrepreneurial careers do not meet women’s expectations as they are subject to the same gendered constraints as those faced in waged employment. The article contributes to boundaryless career theory by illustrating how, even within a country of high employment rates and talent shortage, Germany’s status as a conservative welfare state builds gender inequality into entrepreneurial women’s lives to constrain career choices.

Women Entrepreneurs Address Poverty and Social Change Through Empowering Grassroots Initiatives in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
pp. 1371-1388
Author(s):  
Ladislaus M. Semali
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Grassroots Initiatives ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Grassroots Level

This chapter investigates the story of Jitahidi women in Tanzania to understand the dynamics of empowerment at the grassroots level. The stories chronicled in this chapter present self-reliance events, motivations, and practical initiatives of a small entrepreneurial group of women, organized with shoe-string budgets. Their goal was to establish a women's collective strength that could unleash women's lives from oppressive economic regimes, patriarchal traditions, gender inequality, gender discrimination, and socio-historical legacies that exploit women everywhere. The study revealed that dialogical way of thinking and underlying conventions wrapped-up in Women in Development activities in Tanzania were critical in providing the vision that guided the Jitahidi group to create a space for transformation and potential to empower women so as to define their own educational needs and create political organizations within the local community.

scholarly journals Influence of Individual- and National-Level Factors on Attitudes toward Intimate Partner Violence

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany E. Hayes ◽  
Katharine A. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual

The study evaluated if individual- and national-level factors influence intimate partner violence (IPV) attitudes. Using Demographic and Health Surveys’ data, multilevel modeling was used to analyze 506,935 females nested in 41 nations. The results indicated that the respondents in nations with higher levels of gender inequality, measured by the Social Institutions and Gender Index, were more likely to agree a husband is justified to abuse his wife when she argues with him. National-level attitudes toward IPV and decision making at the individual level were significant predictors of IPV attitudes. The presence of another female while the survey was administered and differences across nations in question wording significantly affected IPV attitudes. The results confirm that both individual- and national-level factors shape individual IPV attitudes. National policies and programming should address gender inequality and patriarchal attitudes.

scholarly journals Health promotion for immigrant mothers of children with developmental disabilities: Towards a transformative approach

INYI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz Maria Vazquez ◽  
Nida Mustafa ◽  
Nazilla Khanlou ◽  
Attia Khan ◽  
Gail Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Immigrant Mothers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Transformative Approach ◽  
Children With Developmental Disabilities

Background: High societal expectations that involve idealized and  labour-intensive mothering are a source of stress, anxiety, guilt and frustration for women. Immigrant mothers caring for children with developmental disabilities are disproportionately burdened with health inequities. Study goals: The overall goal of our study was to examine health promotion practices of immigrant mothers with children with developmental disabilities using the Health Promotion Activities Scale (HPAS). Methods: Twenty-eight mothers of children with developmental disabilities were interviewed using the HPAS. A grounded theory approach was utilized to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Immigrant mothers of children with developmental disabilities’ engagement in health promoting activities is influenced by their role as primary caregivers, the gendered nature of mothering, non-Western views on health promotion, mothers’ burden from inequities and structural barriers pertaining to funding,  disability, and migration status. The responses on the HPAS also underscore motherhood as a social construct with embedded assumptions and social expectations related to role and responsibilities that requires them to be “good” mothers. Discussion and Conclusion: There is need to incorporate transformative health promotion approaches in research and practice that consider mothers’ multicultural contexts.  The intersections of motherhood,  disability, gendered role expectations and migration need to be taken into account.

scholarly journals GENDER, DECOLONISATION, EDUCATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF GENDER RELATIONS BY LUCY WAIRIMU KIBERA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Prof. Lucy Wairimu Kibera
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Self Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Mathematics

An examination of literature on gender inequality has revealed that most women are disadvantaged in education as they constitute two thirds of the 750 million illiterates in the world. In addition, only one third of women have studied Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics subjects that lead to financially rewarding careers compared to social-science related subjects that are studied by most women. Women are also underrepresented in research and development and professional ranks at university with 28.8 and 25 percent respectively. Women are further marginalized in terms of land ownership at 20% and in labour market at 48.5 percent compared to males with 75 percent. In addition, women earn less by 23 percent for a similar job performed by men. Women’s work mainly involves domestic work which is unpaid for. On the whole, women work nearly one hour longer than men since those who work for paid employment have to combine it with domestic work. In addition, only 11 and 12 women are heads of states and governments respectively out of 190 nations globally while only 22.8 percent of all national parliamentarians are women. Finally, health of women is endangered because they are not in charge of their reproductive health. Generally, girls and women are prone to sexual harassment and physical violence at 38 percent. In decolonising and degendering the gender divide and inequalities, social institutions such as the family, school and government must embrace new belief systems that give equal opportunities to women and men to develop their potentials to the fullest for self-development, fulfilment and determination and the benefit of the whole society.

scholarly journals Women's Collective Action for Empowerment in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Lockley ◽  
Lies Marcoes ◽  
Kharisma Nugroho ◽  
Abby Gina Boang-Manalu
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Community Center ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Document Review ◽  
Depth Interviews

<p>Women’s collective action has been used by women’s group in Indonesia since early 20<sup>th</sup> century. The collective action of women in this study is defined as the formal or informal formation and activity of goups or networks of predominantly women that aim to bring about positive changes in women’s lives.  Eight case studies of women’s collective actions discussed in this study reveal variety of backgrounds, motives and agencies in those collective actions. This variety exist due to the different and specific conditions and needs of each of the women’s groups. The object of the study in this research were eight collective actions, namely: Balai Sakinah ‘Aisyiyah (BSA), Serikat Perempuan Kepala Keluarga (PEKKA), Sekolah Perempuan, Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia Parepare branch, MUIWO, Kelompok Bunda Kreatif, Community Center, and Posko Lestari and Posko Mentari. The data of the research were collected through document review, surveys, and in-depth interviews. This research finds that the involvement of women in collective actions stem from gender inequality that they experience in their daily lives. Through the collective actions the women were empowered to strengthen their access to social services and legal protection. This research also finds there were growing understanding about the concept of gender inequality among the women who involved in the collective actions.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Have the Baltic Countries Run Out of Labour Reserves?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
Olegs Krasnopjorovs
Keyword(s):  
Health Condition ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
High Employment ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Low Prevalence

Abstract The aim of the article is to study both the magnitude and structure of internal labour reserves in the Baltic countries as well as to discuss potential policy measures that might help to activate these reserves. despite the record-high employment rates recently posted by Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, considerable internal labour reserves can still be found in some population groups. Among upper-middle-aged men, low employment might reflect a low incidence of lifelong learning, inadequate digital skills and rapidly deteriorating health condition. Low employment of youth mirrors the low prevalence of apprenticeships. in Lithuania and Latvia, there is also a postponed entry of young women into the labour market. These internal labour reserves total more than 25,000 people in Estonia, 55,000 in Latvia and 85,000 in Lithuania, corresponding to 4–7% of the total employment. The recent outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic may somewhat increase and change the structure of these labour reserves.

Gender Inequality Theories of Feminism

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-115
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
State Power ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Liberal Feminism ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Coercive State ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
The Right

This chapter discusses liberal feminism, divided into liberal feminism and libertarian feminism. The liberal variant of liberal feminism sees freedom as personal autonomy and political autonomy. The exercise of personal autonomy depends on some enabling conditions that are insufficiently present in women's lives and other elements of women's flourishing. Autonomy deficits like these are due to the patriarchal nature of inherited traditions and institutions, and that the women's movement should work to identify and remedy them. Liberal feminists believe that the state should be the women's movement's ally in promoting women's autonomy. The libertarian variant of feminism sees freedom as freedom from coercive interference. It believes that both women and men have a right to such freedom due to their status as self-owners. Coercive state power is justified only to the extent necessary to protect the right to freedom from coercive interference. Feminism's political role is to bring an end not only to laws that limit women's liberty but also to laws that grant special privileges to women.

scholarly journals ALIGNMENT OF EFFORT: RECRUITMENT INTO UNDERGRADUATE AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS PROGRAMS

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOLLY ESPEY ◽  
KATHRYN A. BOYS
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Applied Economics ◽  
School Students ◽  
High Employment ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Program Awareness ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDespite high employment rates and starting salaries for qualified graduates of agribusiness, agricultural, and applied economics (AAAE) programs, several AAAE departments have experienced years of low enrollment. This study offers insight into how AAAE programs can more effectively market themselves and recruit undergraduate students through analysis of a nationwide survey of college and department personnel and a statewide survey of high school students. Findings reveal important differences between students’ preferred information and message sources and those currently used. Gaps in understanding of AAAE across administrative units are also identified. Specific program awareness, marketing, and student recruitment recommendations are offered.

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