scholarly journals Promoting L2 acquisition of multiword units through textually enhanced audiovisual input: An eye-tracking study

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110497
Author(s):  
Eva Puimège ◽  
Maribel Montero Perez ◽  
Elke Peters
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Multiword Units ◽  
Textual Enhancement ◽  
Word Skipping ◽  
Positive Effect

This study examines the effect of textual enhancement on learners’ attention to and learning of multiword units from captioned audiovisual input. We adopted a within-participants design in which 28 learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) watched a captioned video containing enhanced (underlined) and unenhanced multiword units. Using eye-tracking, we measured learners’ online processing of the multiword units as they appeared in the captions. Form recall pre- and posttests measured learners’ acquisition of the target items. The results of mixed effects models indicate that enhanced items received greater visual attention, with longer reading times, less single word skipping and more rereading. Further, a positive relationship was found between amount of visual attention and learning odds: items fixated longer, particularly during the first pass, were more likely to be recalled in an immediate posttest. Our findings provide empirical support for the positive effect of visual attention on form recall of multiword units encountered in captioned television. The results also suggest that item difficulty and amount of attention were more important than textual enhancement in predicting learning gains.

scholarly journals Students' Processing of Differently Structured Text Materials Focused on Agricultural Waste Disposal Using Eye-tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Kristýna Mudrychová ◽  
Martina Houšková Beránková ◽  
Tereza Horáková ◽  
Milan Houška ◽  
Jitka Mudrychová
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Reading Process ◽  
Structured Knowledge ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Tracking Technology

This study was focused on agricultural waste disposal (AWD) textual materials. Two educational texts are compared: designed texts traditionally with no purposeful design and structured knowledge texts, including the textual form of knowledge units. Eye-tracking technology is employed for retrieving the values of critical indicators specifying the way of reading the texts. We analysed users' visual attention and looking behaviour during the reading process. Thirty-three students worked with 45 pieces of educational texts accompanied by a didactic test. Statistical analyses show statistically significant differences neither in any indicator within studying the texts nor in the users' success rate in the didactic test. The users can work with the knowledge structured texts equivalently with the designed texts in the traditional way. The positive effect for AWD is that users can process knowledge structured texts with better results.

scholarly journals HOW EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE AFFECTS ONLINE L2 PROCESSING

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sible Andringa ◽  
Maja Curcic
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
Types Of Instruction

Form-focused instruction studies generally report larger gains for explicit types of instruction over implicit types on measures of controlled production. Studies that used online processing measures—which do not readily allow for the application of explicit knowledge—however, suggest that this advantage occurs primarily when the target structure is similar in the first language (L1) and the second language (L2). This study investigated how explicit knowledge of a structure that does not exist in the L1 affects the initial stage of adult L2 acquisition. Fifty-one Dutch L1 speakers received a short auditory exposure (instruction) to a new language that included differential object marking (DOM), in which animate but not inanimate direct objects are preceded by a preposition. For 26 learners, the instruction was complemented by a brief rule explanation. Afterward, learners’ online processing and explicit knowledge of DOM were measured by means of eye-tracking (visual world paradigm) and oral grammaticality judgments. Results show that metalinguistic information promoted learners’ performance on the grammaticality judgment task. Although differences between the groups were also found on the eye-tracking measure, learners were not able to use DOM to predict the following object.

scholarly journals Visual Attention Software: A New Tool for Understanding the “Subliminal” Experience of the Built Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6197
Author(s):  
Alexandros A. Lavdas ◽  
Nikos A. Salingaros ◽  
Ann Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Computer Gaming ◽  
Geometric Patterns ◽  
Relative Design ◽  
Fixation Points ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Application ◽  
Intelligence Application

Eye-tracking technology is a biometric tool that has found many commercial and research applications. The recent advent of affordable wearable sensors has considerably expanded the range of these possibilities to fields such as computer gaming, education, entertainment, health, neuromarketing, psychology, etc. The Visual Attention Software by 3M (3M-VAS) is an artificial intelligence application that was formulated using experimental data from eye-tracking. It can be used to predict viewer reactions to images, generating fixation point probability maps and fixation point sequence estimations, thus revealing pre-attentive processing of visual stimuli with a very high degree of accuracy. We have used 3M-VAS software in an innovative implementation to analyze images of different buildings, either in their original state or photographically manipulated, as well as various geometric patterns. The software not only reveals non-obvious fixation points, but also overall relative design coherence, a key element of Christopher Alexander’s theory of geometrical order. A more evenly distributed field of attention seen in some structures contrasts with other buildings being ignored, those showing instead unconnected points of splintered attention. Our findings are non-intuitive and surprising. We link these results to both Alexander’s theory and Neuroscience, identify potential pitfalls in the software’s use, and also suggest ways to avoid them.

Does What We See Shape History? Examining Workload History as a Function of Performance and Ambient/Focal Visual Attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Shannon P. Devlin ◽  
Jennifer K. Byham ◽  
Sara Lu Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
History Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Workload History ◽  
Over Time

Changes in task demands can have delayed adverse impacts on performance. This phenomenon, known as the workload history effect, is especially of concern in dynamic work domains where operators manage fluctuating task demands. The existing workload history literature does not depict a consistent picture regarding how these effects manifest, prompting research to consider measures that are informative on the operator's process. One promising measure is visual attention patterns, due to its informativeness on various cognitive processes. To explore its ability to explain workload history effects, participants completed a task in an unmanned aerial vehicle command and control testbed where workload transitioned gradually and suddenly. The participants’ performance and visual attention patterns were studied over time to identify workload history effects. The eye-tracking analysis consisted of using a recently developed eye-tracking metric called coefficient K , as it indicates whether visual attention is more focal or ambient. The performance results found workload history effects, but it depended on the workload level, time elapsed, and performance measure. The eye-tracking analysis suggested performance suffered when focal attention was deployed during low workload, which was an unexpected finding. When synthesizing these results, they suggest unexpected visual attention patterns can impact performance immediately over time. Further research is needed; however, this work shows the value of including a real-time visual attention measure, such as coefficient K , as a means to understand how the operator manages varying task demands in complex work environments.

Visual attention for solving multiple-choice science problem: An eye-tracking analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Jung Tsai ◽  
Huei-Tse Hou ◽  
Meng-Lung Lai ◽  
Wan-Yi Liu ◽  
Fang-Ying Yang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Science Problem

Seeking attention: an eye tracking study of in-store merchandise displays

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Huddleston ◽  
Bridget K. Behe ◽  
Stella Minahan ◽  
R. Thomas Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tracking Technology

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the role that visual measures of attention to product and information and price display signage have on purchase intention. The authors assessed the effect of visual attention to the product, information or price sign on purchase intention, as measured by likelihood to buy. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used eye-tracking technology to collect data from Australian and US garden centre customers, who viewed eight plant displays in which the signs had been altered to show either price or supplemental information (16 images total). The authors compared the role of visual attention to price and information sign, and the role of visual attention to the product when either sign was present on likelihood to buy. Findings – Overall, providing product information on a sign without price elicited higher likelihood to buy than providing a sign with price. The authors found a positive relationship between visual attention to price on the display sign and likelihood to buy, but an inverse relationship between visual attention to information and likelihood to buy. Research limitations/implications – An understanding of the attention-capturing power of merchandise display elements, especially signs, has practical significance. The findings will assist retailers in creating more effective and efficient display signage content, for example, featuring the product information more prominently than the price. The study was conducted on a minimally packaged product, live plants, which may reduce the ability to generalize findings to other product types. Practical implications – The findings will assist retailers in creating more effective and efficient display signage content. The study used only one product category (plants) which may reduce the ability to generalize findings to other product types. Originality/value – The study is one of the first to use eye-tracking in a macro-level, holistic investigation of the attention-capturing value of display signage information and its relationship to likelihood to buy. Researchers, for the first time, now have the ability to empirically test the degree to which attention and decision-making are linked.

Why subtitle speed matters: Evidence from word skipping and rereading

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Jan-Louis Kruger ◽  
Natalia Wisniewska ◽  
Sixin Liao
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Reading Behavior ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Word Skipping

Abstract High subtitle speed undoubtedly impacts the viewer experience. However, little is known about how fast subtitles might impact the reading of individual words. This article presents new findings on the effect of subtitle speed on viewers’ reading behavior using word-based eye-tracking measures with specific attention to word skipping and rereading. In multimodal reading situations such as reading subtitles in video, rereading allows people to correct for oculomotor error or comprehension failure during linguistic processing or integrate words with elements of the image to build a situation model of the video. However, the opportunity to reread words, to read the majority of the words in the subtitle and to read subtitles to completion, is likely to be compromised when subtitles are too fast. Participants watched videos with subtitles at 12, 20, and 28 characters per second (cps) while their eye movements were recorded. It was found that comprehension declined as speed increased. Eye movement records also showed that faster subtitles resulted in more incomplete reading of subtitles. Furthermore, increased speed also caused fewer words to be reread following both horizontal eye movements (likely resulting in reduced lexical processing) and vertical eye movements (which would likely reduce higher-level comprehension and integration).

scholarly journals A Unique Visual Attention Profile Associated With the FMR1 Premutation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Winston ◽  
Kritika Nayar ◽  
Emily Landau ◽  
Nell Maltman ◽  
John Sideris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Picture Book ◽  
Fragile X ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Fmr1 Premutation ◽  
Tracking Tasks ◽  
Neurocognitive Profile ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Atypical visual attention patterns have been observed among carriers of the fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1) premutation (PM), with some similarities to visual attention patterns observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and among clinically unaffected relatives of individuals with ASD. Patterns of visual attention could constitute biomarkers that can help to inform the neurocognitive profile of the PM, and that potentially span diagnostic boundaries. This study examined patterns of eye movement across an array of fixation measurements from three distinct eye-tracking tasks in order to investigate potentially overlapping profiles of visual attention among PM carriers, ASD parents, and parent controls. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether variables constituting a PM-specific looking profile were able to effectively predict group membership. Participants included 65PM female carriers, 188 ASD parents, and 84 parent controls. Analyses of fixations across the eye-tracking tasks, and their corresponding areas of interest, revealed a distinct visual attention pattern in carriers of the FMR1 PM, characterized by increased fixations on the mouth when viewing faces, more intense focus on bodies in socially complex scenes, and decreased fixations on salient characters and faces while narrating a wordless picture book. This set of variables was able to successfully differentiate individuals with the PM from controls (Sensitivity = 0.76, Specificity = 0.85, Accuracy = 0.77) as well as from ASD parents (Sensitivity = 0.70, Specificity = 0.80, Accuracy = 0.72), but did not show a strong distinction between ASD parents and controls (Accuracy = 0.62), indicating that this set of variables comprises a profile that is unique to PM carriers. Regarding predictive power, fixations toward the mouth when viewing faces was able to differentiate PM carriers from both ASD parents and controls, whereas fixations toward other social stimuli did not differentiate PM carriers from ASD parents, highlighting some overlap in visual attention patterns that could point toward shared neurobiological mechanisms. Results demonstrate a profile of visual attention that appears strongly associated with the FMR1 PM in women, and may constitute a meaningful biomarker.

scholarly journals Teachers’ ratings of the informativeness and usefulness of cognitive assessment reports: Does dynamic assessment make a difference?

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-144
Author(s):  
Ivana Vulic ◽  
Ana Altaras-Dimitrijevic ◽  
Zorana Jolic-Marjanovic
Keyword(s):  
School Readiness ◽  
School Psychologists ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cognitive Problem ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Preliminary Phase ◽  
Very High ◽  
Assessment Reports

Dynamic assessment is presumed to reveal specific difficulties in cognitive problem solving and determine the kinds of support which may aid in overcoming them. In the present study we examined whether these additional data provided by dynamic assessment contribute to the informativeness and usefulness of assessment reports, as rated by teachers. In the preliminary phase, nine preschoolers were tested with the adapted Serbian WISC, containing an additional block of dynamic assessment. In the main phase, two groups of elementary teachers (Nstat= 41, Ndyn= 44) rated the informativeness, usefulness, and clarity of reports based on either static, or static+dynamic assessment of three children from the preliminary sample. The results indicate a significant positive effect of dynamic assessment on teachers? ratings of the informativeness of reports (particularly regarding the child?s reactions to adult scuffolding) and their combined ratings of several aspects of the reports? usefulness. The reports did not differ with respect to clarity, and their informativeness and usefulness were generally rated very high. The findings thus provide empirical support for the proposed advantages of dynamic assessment, encourage its use in assessing school readiness, and urge school psychologists to regularly inform teachers on their observations from both static and dynamic cognitive assessment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document