A study of the accuracy of the Fitbit Zip in measuring steps both indoors and outdoors in a mixed rehabilitation population

2021 ◽  
pp. 026921552110352
Author(s):  
Craig Farmer ◽  
Maayken EL van den Berg ◽  
Sally Vuu ◽  
Christopher J Barr
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Step Count ◽  
Outpatient Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Hospital ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Minute Walk ◽  
Slow Walking Speed ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Objective: To assess (1) step count accuracy of the Fitbit Zip, compared to manual step count, in people receiving outpatient rehabilitation, in indoor and outdoor conditions, and (2) impact of slow walking speed on Fitbit accuracy. Design: Observational study. Setting: A metropolitan rehabilitation hospital. Subjects: Adults ( n = 88) attending a subacute rehabilitation outpatient clinic with walking speeds of between 0.4 and 1.0 m/s. Interventions: Two 2-minute walk tests, one indoors and one outdoors, completed in random order. Main measures: Step count recorded manually by observation and by a Fitbit Zip, attached to the shoe on the dominant or non-affected side. Subgroup analysis included assessment accuracy for those considered limited community walkers (slower than 0.8 m/s) and those considered community walkers (faster than 0.8 m/s). Results: The Fitbit significantly ( P < 0.05) undercounted steps compared to manual step count, indoors and outdoors, with percentage agreement slightly higher outdoors (mean 92.4%) than indoors (90.1%). Overall, there was excellent consistent agreement between the Fitbit and manual step count for both indoor (ICC 0.83) and outdoor (ICC 0.88) walks. The accuracy of the Fitbit was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in those who walked slower than 0.8 m/s outdoors (ICC 0.80) compared to those who walk faster than 0.8 m/s (ICC 0.90). Conclusions: The Fitbit Zip shows high step count accuracy with manual step count in a mixed subacute rehabilitation population. However, accuracy is affected by walking speed, with decreased accuracy in limited community walkers.

Identification of Disability Risk in Addition to Slow Walking Speed in Older Adults

Gerontology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Shimada ◽  
Takehiko Doi ◽  
Sangyoon Lee ◽  
Kota Tsutsumimoto ◽  
Seongryu Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Word List ◽  
Normal Walking ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
List Memory ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Walking Group ◽  
Slow Walking Speed

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> A cutoff speed of 1.0 m/s for walking at a comfortable pace is critical for predicting future functional decline. However, some older adults with walking speeds below the cutoff point maintain an independent living. We aimed to identify specific predictors of disability development in older adults with slow walking speeds in contrast to those with a normal walking speed. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This prospective cohort study on 12,046 community-dwelling independent Japanese older adults (mean age, 73.6 ± 5.4 years) was conducted between 2011 and 2015. Participants were classified into slow walking speed (comfortable walking speed slower than 1.0 m/s) and normal walking speed (speed of 1.0 m/s or faster) groups and followed up to assess disability incidence for 24 months after baseline assessments. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify predictors of disability development in the slow and normal walking groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Overall, 26.8% of participants had a slow walking speed. At follow-up, 17.3% and 5.1% of participants in the slow and normal walking groups, respectively, developed disability (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01). Cox regression models revealed that age (hazard ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.09), walking speed (0.12, 0.07–0.22), grip strength (0.97, 0.95–0.99), Parkinson’s disease (4.65, 2.59–8.33), word list memory-immediate recognition score (0.90, 0.85–0.97), word list memory-delayed recall score (0.94, 0.89–1.00), Symbol Digit Substitution Test (SDST) score (0.98, 0.96–0.99), and 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score (1.04, 1.01–1.07) were significantly associated with disability incidence in the slow walking group. In the normal walking group, age, grip strength, depression, diabetes, cognition, GDS score, and reduced participation in outdoor activity were significantly associated with disability incidence; however, there was no significant association with walking speed. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Decreased walking speeds have considerably greater impact on disability development in older adults with a slow walking speed than in those with a normal walking speed. Health-care providers should explore modifiable factors for reducing walking speed; they should also encourage improvement of risk factors such as muscle weakness and depression to reduce disability risk in older adults with slow walking speeds.

scholarly journals Split-Belt Treadmill Adaptation Shows Different Functional Networks for Fast and Slow Human Walking

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin V. L. Vasudevan ◽  
Amy J. Bastian
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
Partial Overlap ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Slow Walking Speed

New walking patterns can be learned over short time scales (i.e., adapted in minutes) using a split-belt treadmill that controls the speed of each leg independently. This leads to storage of a modified motor pattern that is expressed as an aftereffect in regular walking conditions and must be de-adapted to return to normal. Here we asked whether the nervous system adapts a general walking pattern that is used across many speeds or a specific pattern affecting only the two speeds experienced during split-belt training. In experiment 1, we tested three groups of healthy adult subjects walking at different split-belt speed combinations and then assessed aftereffects at a range of speeds. We found that aftereffects were largest at the slower speed that was used in split-belt training in all three groups, and it decayed gradually for all other speeds. Thus adaptation appeared to be more strongly linked to the slow walking speed. This result suggests a separation in the functional networks used for fast and slow walking. We tested this in experiment 2 by adapting walking to split belts and then determining how much fast regular walking washed out the slow aftereffect and vice versa. We found that 23–38% of the aftereffect remained regardless of which speed was washed out first. This demonstrates that there is only partial overlap in the functional networks coordinating different walking speeds. Taken together, our results suggest that there are some neural networks for controlling locomotion that are recruited specifically for fast versus slow walking in humans, similar to recent findings in other vertebrates.

scholarly journals The Association of Vision, Hearing, and Dual-Sensory Loss with Walking Speed and Incident Slow Walking: Longitudinal and Time to Event Analyses in the Health and Retirement Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (01) ◽  
pp. 075-084
Author(s):  
Ahmed F. Shakarchi ◽  
Lama Assi ◽  
Abhishek Gami ◽  
Christina Kohn ◽  
Joshua R. Ehrlich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Time To Event ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Retirement Study ◽  
Slow Walking Speed

AbstractWith the aging of the population, vision (VL), hearing (HL), and dual-sensory (DSL, concurrent VL and HL) loss will likely constitute important public health challenges. Walking speed is an indicator of functional status and is associated with mortality. Using the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative U.S. cohort, we analyzed the longitudinal relationship between sensory loss and walking speed. In multivariable mixed effects linear models, baseline walking speed was slower by 0.05 m/s (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.04–0.07) for VL, 0.02 (95% CI = 0.003–0.03) for HL, and 0.07 (95% CI = 0.05–0.08) for DSL compared with those without sensory loss. Similar annual declines in walking speeds occurred in all groups. In time-to-event analyses, the risk of incident slow walking speed (walking speed < 0.6 m/s) was 43% (95% CI = 25–65%), 29% (95% CI = 13–48%), and 35% (95% CI = 13–61%) higher among those with VL, HL, and DSL respectively, relative to those without sensory loss. The risk of incident very slow walking speed (walking speed < 0.4 m/s) was significantly higher among those with HL and DSL relative to those without sensory loss, and significantly higher among those with DSL relative to those with VL or HL alone. Addressing sensory loss and teaching compensatory strategies may help mitigate the effect of sensory loss on walking speed.

scholarly journals Associations between locomotive and non-locomotive physical activity and physical performance in older community-dwelling females with and without locomotive syndrome: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Nishimura ◽  
Atsushi Hagio ◽  
Kanako Hamaguchi ◽  
Toshiyuki Kurihara ◽  
Motoyuki Iemitsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Locomotive Syndrome ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
Slow Walking Speed

Abstract Background Locomotive syndrome (LS) is a condition of reduced mobility due to a disorder of the locomotive system. Increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been recommended to prevent LS. However, to increase daily MVPA is difficult for older people with LS. The MVPA consists of not only locomotive activities such as walking but also non-locomotive activities such as household activities. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between locomotive/non-locomotive MVPA and physical performance in older females with and without LS. Methods Participants of this cross-sectional study were 143 older community-dwelling Japanese females. The participants were divided into two groups based on the results of the stand-up test: the normal group (NL) (n = 86) and the LS group (n = 57). Both the locomotive and non-locomotive PA seperately measured with its intensity. The intensity of physical activity (PA) was calculated as METs and classified as sedentary behavior (SB 1–1.5 metabolic equivalent tasks (METs)), low-intensity physical activity (LPA 1.6–2.9 METs), and MVPA (≥ 3 METs). For example, locomotive LPA is slow walking speed of 54 m/min, and locomotive MVPA is walking speed of 67 m/min. While non-locomotive LPA is office work and cooking, non-locomotive MVPA is housecleaning. Physical function was evaluated by handgrip strength, walking speed, and 2-step test. Results Walking speed, hand-grip strength, 2-step test, daily step counts, and all PA measurements were not significantly different between two groups. In the LS, locomotive MVPA (r = 0.293, p < 0.05) and total MVPA (r = 0.299, p < 0.05) was significantly correlated with walking speed, but not in the NL. Conclusions Walking speed was positively correlated with locomotive MVPA and total MVPA in the LS group, but not in NL group. This result suggests that slow walking speed in older people with LS occur in connection with lower locomotive MVPA and total MVPA.

scholarly journals Does slow walking speed predict all-cause mortality and knee replacement in adults with knee osteoarthritis?

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. S260
Author(s):  
H. Master ◽  
L.M. Thoma ◽  
T. Neogi ◽  
M. LaValley ◽  
M. Christiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Knee Replacement ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Slow Walking Speed

scholarly journals Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and incident dementia in older adults from the Québec NuAge cohort

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Beauchet ◽  
Harmehr Sekhon ◽  
Liam Cooper-Brown ◽  
Cyrille P Launay ◽  
Pierrette Gaudreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
Cognitive Risk ◽  
Incident Dementia ◽  
Cognitive Complaint ◽  
Slow Walking Speed

Abstract Background The co-occurrence of slow walking speed and subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) in non-demented individuals defines motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), which is a pre-dementia stage. There is no information on the association between MCR and incident dementia in Québec’s older population. Objective The study aims to examine the association of MCR and its individual components (i.e. SCC and slow walking speed) with incident dementia in community-dwelling older adults living in the province of Québec (Canada). Design Québec older people population-based observational cohort study with 3 years of follow-up. Setting Community dwellings. Subjects A subset of participants (n = 1,098) in ‘Nutrition as a determinant of successful aging: The Québec longitudinal study’ (NuAge). Methods At baseline, participants with MCR were identified. Incident dementia was measured at annual follow-up visits using the Modified Mini-Mental State (≤79/100) test and Instrumental Activity Daily Living scale (≤6/8) score values. Results The prevalence of MCR was 4.2% at baseline and the overall incidence of dementia was 3.6%. MCR (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 5.18, with 95% confidence interval (CI) = [2.43–11.03] and P ≤ 0.001) and SCC alone (HR = 2.54, with 95% CI = [1.33–4.85] and P = 0.005) were associated with incident dementia, but slow walking speed was not (HR = 0.81, with 95%CI = [0.25–2.63] and P = 0.736). Conclusions MCR and SCC are associated with incident dementia in NuAge study participants.

Design of a New Crawler Chassis Brake System

2014 ◽  
Vol 635-637 ◽  
pp. 1224-1227
Author(s):  
Xiao Rong Lü ◽  
Xiao Lian Lü
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Brake System ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
New Type ◽  
Structure Light ◽  
Slow Walking Speed ◽  
Speed Characteristic

This paper designs a new type of the crawler chassis brake system, which is suitable for crawler travel system slow walking speed. Characteristic of braking system has simple and compact structure, light weight, flexible use, convenient assembly and disassembly, large braking force, good braking effect, etc., can solve small crawler chassis brake problem very well.

scholarly journals Optimized hip–knee–ankle exoskeleton assistance at a range of walking speeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn M. Bryan ◽  
Patrick W. Franks ◽  
Seungmoon Song ◽  
Alexandra S. Voloshina ◽  
Ricardo Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Positive Power ◽  
Fast Walking ◽  
Slow Walking ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Ankle Exoskeleton ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Autonomous exoskeletons will need to be useful at a variety of walking speeds, but it is unclear how optimal hip–knee–ankle exoskeleton assistance should change with speed. Biological joint moments tend to increase with speed, and in some cases, optimized ankle exoskeleton torques follow a similar trend. Ideal hip–knee–ankle exoskeleton torque may also increase with speed. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between walking speed, optimal hip–knee–ankle exoskeleton assistance, and the benefits to metabolic energy cost. Methods We optimized hip–knee–ankle exoskeleton assistance to reduce metabolic cost for three able-bodied participants walking at 1.0 m/s, 1.25 m/s and 1.5 m/s. We measured metabolic cost, muscle activity, exoskeleton assistance and kinematics. We performed Friedman’s tests to analyze trends across walking speeds and paired t-tests to determine if changes from the unassisted conditions to the assisted conditions were significant. Results Exoskeleton assistance reduced the metabolic cost of walking compared to wearing the exoskeleton with no torque applied by 26%, 47% and 50% at 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5 m/s, respectively. For all three participants, optimized exoskeleton ankle torque was the smallest for slow walking, while hip and knee torque changed slightly with speed in ways that varied across participants. Total applied positive power increased with speed for all three participants, largely due to increased joint velocities, which consistently increased with speed. Conclusions Exoskeleton assistance is effective at a range of speeds and is most effective at medium and fast walking speeds. Exoskeleton assistance was less effective for slow walking, which may explain the limited success in reducing metabolic cost for patient populations through exoskeleton assistance. Exoskeleton designers may have more success when targeting activities and groups with faster walking speeds. Speed-related changes in optimized exoskeleton assistance varied by participant, indicating either the benefit of participant-specific tuning or that a wide variety of torque profiles are similarly effective.

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