Conducting Three-Level Longitudinal Analyses

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Peugh ◽  
Ronald H. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Longitudinal Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Data Analytic ◽  
Level 2

Researchers in the field of early adolescence interested in quantifying the environmental influences on a response variable of interest over time would use cluster sampling (i.e., obtaining repeated measures from students nested within classrooms and/or schools) to obtain the needed sample size. The resulting longitudinal data would be nested at three levels (e.g., repeated measures [Level 1], collected across participants [Level 2], and nested within different schools [Level 3]). A previous publication addressed statistical analysis issues specific to cross-sectional three-level data analytic designs. This article expands upon the previous cross-sectional three-level publication to address topics specific to longitudinal three-level data analyses efforts. Although all analysis examples are demonstrated using SAS, the equivalent SPSS and Mplus syntax scripts, as well as the generated example data and additional supplemental materials, are available online.

scholarly journals Evaluation of acceptability of the use of internal and external condoms in couples: a cross-over study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e846997942
Author(s):  
Tatiana Moreira Afonso ◽  
Taciana Silveira Passos ◽  
Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Wave Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Better Than

Objective: To evaluate the acceptability (comfort, ease of use, lubrication, and pleasure) of internal and external condom use in stable couples. Metodology: This randomized cross-over trial included 54 couples (108 adult individuals). Participants were asked to evaluate acceptability measures of both types of condoms using the Visual Analogue Scale.  We developed a three-level hierarchical model [level 1= three repeated measures (wave, type of condom); level 2= individual (gender, age); level 3= couple (sequence of presentation of female versus external condom)]. Results: The "ease of use" dimension represented the biggest difference between the types of condoms for men (Hedges 'g = 0.96; p <0.0001) and women (Hedges' g = 1.62; p <0.0001). Regardless of gender, external condoms performed better (1.61; 95% HPD = 1.41 – 1.81). Men gave lower scores in general (-0.62; 95% HPD = -1.16 − -0.10). Conclusion: The external condom scored better than the internal condom for women and their male partners. The scores tended to improve with the repetitive use of the condom. There is no evidence of the influence of the age of the individuals or the randomly selected sequence of use of condoms with regards to the mean score of the four dimensions.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Gender pada Kejadian Sindrom Metabolik pada Penduduk Perkotaan di Indonesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
Krisnawaty Bantas ◽  
Hari Koesnanto Yoseph ◽  
Budi Moelyono
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Main Independent Variable ◽  
Fiber Consumption ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Level 2

Sindrom Metabolik (SM) merupakan faktor risiko penting penyakit kardiovaskuler yang merupakan penyebab utama kematian di Indonesia. Perbedaan gender pada SM berkontribusi terhadap perbedaan gender pada penyakit kardiovaskuler. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi dan risiko SM berdasarkan gender di perkotaan Indonesia menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2007 dan menggunakan rancangan penelitian potong lintang. Populasi penelitian terdiri dari 13.262 orang pria dan wanita yang tidak hamil berusia lebih dari 15 tahun yang bermukim di daerah perkotaan. Variabel penelitian meliputi variabel dependen sindrom metabolik. Variabel independen utama adalah gender dan variabel kovariat yang lain adalah level 1 (umur, statusperkawinan, pendidikan, stres, merokok, dan aktivitas fisik), level 2 (pendapatan keluarga, konsumsi energi rumah tangga, konsumsi protein rumah tangga, konsumsi serat rumah tangga, anggota rumah tangga, dan balita dalam rumah tangga), dan level 3 (provinsi, status urban, dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM)). Analisis dilakukan dengan multilevel regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa prevalensi SM adalah 17,5 %, prevalensi pada wanita (21,3%) lebih tinggi daripada pria (12,9%). Risiko sindrom metabolikberdasarkan gender bergantung pada status umur, pendidikan, dan perkawinan dari individu. Variasi kejadian SM berdasarkan pendapatan keluarga kecil (nilai MOR 1,21) dan variasi kejadian SM berdasarkan provinsi juga kecil (nilai MOR1,18).Kata kunci: analisis multilevel, gender, sindrom metabolikAbstractMetabolic Syndrome (MS) is an important factor for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). One of the main causes of death in Indonesia is CVD. Gender differences in MS may contribute the gender differences in CVD. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and MS risk by gender in the urban population of Indonesia using Riskesdas 2007 data and cross-sectional design study. Population of study consisted of 13,262 men and non pregnant women over 15 years old lived in urban area. Variables included in this study are MS as the dependentvariable and gender as the main independent variable. The covariate variables consisted of: level 1 variables (age, marital status, education, stress, smoking, and physical activity), level 2 (family outcome, household energy consumption, protein consumption, fiber consumption, members, and toddler under5 years), level 3 (province, urban status, and human development index). Multilevel logistic regression used in data analysis. Result showed that prevalence of MS was 17,5%, on women (21.3%) was higher than men (12.9%). The risk of MS by gender was depent on age, educational level, and marital status of individual. The variation of MS occurrence among the family incomes was small (MOR 1.21), and the variation of MS occurrence among the provinces was also small (MOR 1.18).Keywords: multilevel analysis, gender, metabolic syndrome

scholarly journals 782. Provider to Provider Electronic Consultation (E-consult): A Tool for the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Specialist to Document Encounters and Quantify Effort.

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S347-S347
Author(s):  
Blanca E Gonzalez ◽  
Charles B Foster ◽  
Frank Esper ◽  
Heather Daniels ◽  
Carla Saracusa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Nurse Practitioners ◽  
Immunocompromised Host ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Medical Liability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Clinical Queries ◽  
Level 2

Abstract Background Curbside consultation is a ubiquitous practice within the medical field informally providing advice to community providers. The electronic consult (E-Consult) allows direct provider-to-provider communication between the primary care provider (PCP) and specialists using a secure electronic platform while documenting these interactions within the patient’s medical record (EMR). They offer PCP’s a forum for asking nonurgent questions. For the specialist, it allows review of the EMR, reduces medical liability of the curbside consult and provides a mechanism for generating RVUs. This service was implemented in our healthcare network (of over 300 pediatricians and pediatric specialists who see more than 500,000 pediatric visits each year) in April 2018. Our aim was to review and analyze the E-consults provided by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases (PID) service. Methods Cross-sectional study of E-consults performed by the PID from April 11 -2018-April 22 2019. Clinical queries were categorized by type and tabulated. Consult Billing was as following: Level 1=5 minutes (min); Level 2 =10min; Level 3= 15 minutes; Level 4= 25 minutes. RVU values were institutionally derived and assigned. Results We performed 171 E- consults with an average of 13 per month (range 3–18) generated from 59 providers (52 (88%) physicians and 7 (12%) certified nurse practitioners). Common reasons for the E-consult included: vaccine questions (25.7%), diagnosis questions (21.6%), exposure questions (20.4%) and treatment recommendations (10.5%). Of vaccine questions, 43% related to vaccine schedules /boosters, 13% vaccines for travel and 11.3% vaccines for the immunocompromised host. Consultation in the PID clinic was recommended for 25.7% patients, 9% requiring urgent evaluation. Of the 171 E-consults, 12.2% were evaluated in the PID clinic and 5% by another specialty. Billing was performed for 168 of the E consults= 9 level 1, 35 level 2, 83 level 3 and 41 level 4 generating 161 RVUs (equivalent to 53 level 4 new outpatient visits at our institution). Conclusion E-consults are an alternative to informal curbside consults for nonurgent clinical queries. Encounters are documented in the EMR and professional effort devoted to the task is tracked providing an additional source of RVU generation for the PID physician. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals SITUATION OF HYPERTENSION IN PEOPLE FORM 25 AGO OR MORE IN THAI BINH PROVINCE, 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Van Binh ◽  
Tran Thi Nhu Quynh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Pressure Level ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Blood Pressure Level ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

 A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2017, with the method of cluster sampling (PPS) to select30 communes/wards in 8 districts/cities in Thai Binh province. A total of 1450 adults from 25 ago ormore the results showed that:The prevalence rate of hypertension was 29.8%, of which men account for 36.5%, 22.0% higherthan that of women (p<0.05), mainly high blood pressure level 1 (42.3%), level 2 (35.4%) and level3 (22.3%).The rate of hypertension tends to increase gradually by age group, the group aged 70 and overaccounts for the highest proportion (36.4%), the age group 60-69 was 34.8%, the age group 40-59was 31.5% and the lowest of 25-39 age group (16.1%) (p<0.05).

EVALUASI PELATIHAN DI PT. PUPUK KUJANG CIKAMPEK

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lania Muharsih ◽  
Ratih Saraswati
Keyword(s):  
Training Evaluation ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
A Company ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Evaluation Sheet ◽  
Assessment Factor

This study aims to determine the training evaluation at PT. Kujang Fertilizer. PT. Pupuk Kujang is a company engaged in the field of petrochemicals. Evaluation sheet of PT. Fertilizer Kujang is made based on Kirkpatrick's theory which consists of four levels of evaluation, namely reaction, learning, behavior, and results. At level 1, namely reaction, in the evaluation sheet is in accordance with the theory of Kirkpatrick, at level 2 that is learning should be held pretest and posttest but only made scale. At level 3, behavior, according to theory, but on assessment factor number 3, quantity and work productivity should not need to be included because they are included in level 4. At level 4, that is the result, here is still lacking to get a picture of the results of the training that has been carried out because only based on answers from superiors without evidence of any documents.   Keywords: Training Evaluation, Kirkpatrick Theory.    Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui evaluasi training di PT. Pupuk Kujang. PT. Pupuk Kujang merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang petrokimia. Lembar evaluasi PT. Pupuk Kujang dibuat berdasarkan teori Kirkpatrick yang terdiri dari empat level evaluasi, yaitu reaksi, learning, behavior, dan hasil. Pada level 1 yaitu reaksi, di lembar evaluasi tersebut sudah sesuai dengan teori dari Kirkpatrick, pada level 2 yaitu learning seharusnya diadakan pretest dan posttest namun hanya dibuatkan skala. Pada level 3 yaitu behavior, sudah sesuai teori namun pada faktor penilaian nomor 3 kuantitas dan produktivitas kerja semestinya tidak perlu dimasukkan karena sudah termasuk ke dalam level 4. Pada level 4 yaitu hasil, disini masih sangat kurang untuk mendapatkan gambaran hasil dari pelatihan yang sudah dilaksanakan karena hanya berdasarkan dari jawaban atasan tanpa bukti dokumen apapun.   Kata kunci: Evaluasi Pelatihan, Teori Kirkpatrick.

scholarly journals An Atmospheric Visibility Grading Method Based on Ensemble Learning and Stochastic Weight Average

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Xiuguo Zou ◽  
Jiahong Wu ◽  
Zhibin Cao ◽  
Yan Qian ◽  
Shixiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ensemble Learning ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Feature Sets ◽  
Atmospheric Visibility ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Grading Model ◽  
Level 2

In order to adequately characterize the visual characteristics of atmospheric visibility and overcome the disadvantages of the traditional atmospheric visibility measurement method with significant dependence on preset reference objects, high cost, and complicated steps, this paper proposed an ensemble learning method for atmospheric visibility grading based on deep neural network and stochastic weight averaging. An experiment was conducted using the scene of an expressway, and three visibility levels were set, i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Firstly, the EfficientNet was transferred to extract the abstract features of the images. Then, training and grading were performed on the feature sets through the SoftMax regression model. Subsequently, the feature sets were ensembled using the method of stochastic weight averaging to obtain the atmospheric visibility grading model. The obtained datasets were input into the grading model and tested. The grading model classified the results into three categories, with the grading accuracy being 95.00%, 89.45%, and 90.91%, respectively, and the average accuracy of 91.79%. The results obtained by the proposed method were compared with those obtained by the existing methods, and the proposed method showed better performance than those of other methods. This method can be used to classify the atmospheric visibility of traffic and reduce the incidence of traffic accidents caused by atmospheric visibility.

The Magical Number Two, Plus or Minus One: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Musical Information

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Ockelford
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Magical Number ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

Like all fields of human artistic endeavour, music is constrained by our cognitive processing requirements and limitations (Swain, 1986; Lerdahl, 1988; Huron, 2001). This articleconsiders particular forms of constraint pertaining to the relationships that the structure-seeking mind (subconsciously) fabricates between perceived musical events. It is proposed that 2±1 may be a universal limitation pertaining to the level of relationships so ideated. That is, in terms of Lewin'S (1987) theoretical framework in which “intervals” can be intuited between the “elements” of musical “spaces”, it is posited that the cognition of musical structure occurs either through intervals (level 1), through intervals between these (level 2), or — in some circumstances — through intervals between these(level 3). This proposition is explored through the psychomusicological model developed by Ockelford (1991, 1993, 1999), which too analyses musical structure in terms of the relationships that may be cognised between its discrete perceptual components. In particular, the model identifies a type of cognitive link through which events (at any level) arefelt to imply others the same or similar — through so-called “zygonic” relationships. This theory suggests a further general principle: that the highest level of relationship inoperation at any given point must be zygonic if the music is to be structurally coherent. Evidence for this, and for the limit on the level of relationships of 2±1, is offeredthrough a series of musical examples, which illustrate a variety of musical organisation in action. Finally, empirical work is suggested to explore further the theoretical ideas that arepresented here.

Systems biology markup language: Level 2 and beyond

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1472-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Finney ◽  
M. Hucka
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Biochemical Networks ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Exchange Format ◽  
Systems Biology Markup Language ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

The SBML (systems biology markup language) is a standard exchange format for computational models of biochemical networks. We continue developing SBML collaboratively with the modelling community to meet their evolving needs. The recently introduced SBML Level 2 includes several enhancements to the original Level 1, and features under development for SBML Level 3 include model composition, multistate chemical species and diagrams.

Knowledge Acquired from Learning: New Evidence of Hierarchical Conceptualization

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 975-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Montare
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Level 2

Following successful inductive acquisition of procedural cognition of a discrimination-reversal learning task, 50 female and 50 male undergraduates articulated declarative cognizance of knowledge acquired from learning. Tests of four hypotheses showed that (1) increasingly higher levels of declarative cognizance were associated with faster learning rates, (2) six new cases of cognition-without-cognizance were observed, (3) students presumably using secondary signalization learned faster than those presumably using primary signalization, and (4) no sex differences in learning rates or declarative cognizance were observed. The notion that explicit levels of declarative cognizance may represent implicit hierarchical conceptualization comprised of four systems of knowledge acquisition led to the conclusions that primary signalization may account for inductive senscept formation at Level 1 and for inductive percept formation at Level 2, whereas emergent secondary signalization may account for inductive precept formation at Level 3 and for inductive concept formation at Level 4.

scholarly journals Assessing a Prototype Database for Comprehensive Global Aquatic Land Cover Mapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4012
Author(s):  
Panpan Xu ◽  
Nandin-Erdene Tsendbazar ◽  
Martin Herold ◽  
Jan G. P. W. Clevers
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Land Cover Mapping ◽  
Commission Errors ◽  
Multiple User ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Global Datasets ◽  
Flooded Areas

The monitoring of Global Aquatic Land Cover (GALC) plays an essential role in protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems. Although many GALC datasets have been created before, a uniform and comprehensive GALC dataset is lacking to meet multiple user needs. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of using existing global datasets to develop a comprehensive and user-oriented GALC database and identify the gaps of current datasets in GALC mapping. Eight global datasets were reframed to construct a three-level (i.e., from general to detailed) prototype database for 2015, conforming with the United Nations Land Cover Classification System (LCCS)-based GALC characterization framework. An independent validation was done, and the overall results show some limitations of current datasets in comprehensive GALC mapping. The Level-1 map had considerable commission errors in delineating the general GALC distribution. The Level-2 maps were good at characterizing permanently flooded areas and natural aquatic types, while accuracies were poor in the mapping of temporarily flooded and waterlogged areas as well as artificial aquatic types; vegetated aquatic areas were also underestimated. The Level-3 maps were not sufficient in characterizing the detailed life form types (e.g., trees, shrubs) for aquatic land cover. However, the prototype GALC database is flexible to derive user-specific maps and has important values to aquatic ecosystem management. With the evolving earth observation opportunities, limitations in the current GALC characterization can be addressed in the future.

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