Personal Values and Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs: The Mediating Roles of Moral Identity and Machiavellianism

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafi M. M. I. Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Moral Identity ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Ethical Beliefs ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Consumer Values ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Relationship

This study constitutes a theoretically grounded exploration of the factors that mediate the relationship between consumer values and ethical beliefs. An online survey of US consumers was conducted to explore potential mediators of the effects of personal values on consumers’ ethical beliefs. The results show that moral identity and dimensions of Machiavellianism (amoral manipulation, desire for control) mediate the effects of self-transcendence orientation (the importance of self-transcendence values relative to that of self-enhancement values) and conservation orientation (the importance of conservation values relative to that of openness-to-change values) on beliefs about unethical consumer actions. Furthermore, moral identity mediates the effects of self-transcendence orientation and conservation orientation on beliefs about pro-social actions. These results demonstrate that personal values, moral character, and belief systems all influence consumer ethics. Macromarketing implications for public policy, particularly education policy, are discussed.

scholarly journals Personal Values in Relation to Risk Intelligence: Evidence from a Multi-Mediation Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Andrea Zammitti ◽  
Angela Russo ◽  
Giuseppe Santisi ◽  
Paola Magnano
Keyword(s):  
Personal Values ◽  
Risk Society ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Risk Intelligence ◽  
The Relationship

In a risk society, personal values can be important resources, useful for managing uncertainty and guiding people in the perception of risk. The goal of this article is to explore the relationship between risk intelligence and personal values. The participants were 731 Italian adults aged between 18 and 65 years (M = 30.25; DS = 10.71). The survey was composed of the following measures: Subjective Risk Intelligence Scale and Portrait Values Questionnaire. Data analyses have found significant relationships between some types of personal values and risk intelligence: subjective risk intelligence is negatively related to conservation and positively related to openness to change and self-transcendence, but it was not related to self-enhancement. Furthermore, values of openness to change and self-transcendence mediate the relationship between age and subjective risk intelligence, while conservation values and self-enhancement values did not mediate the same relationship. Implication for practice and future research will be discussed.

scholarly journals Changes in Personal Values in Pandemic Times

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110240
Author(s):  
Ella Daniel ◽  
Anat Bardi ◽  
Ronald Fischer ◽  
Maya Benish-Weisman ◽  
Julie A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Value Change ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence

The COVID-19 pandemic has had immense impact on people’s lives, potentially leading individuals to reevaluate what they prioritize in life (i.e., their values). We report longitudinal data from Australians 3 years prior to the pandemic, at pandemic onset (April 2020, N = 2,321), and in November–December 2020 ( n = 1,442). While all higher order values were stable prior to the pandemic, conservation values, emphasizing order and stability, became more important during the pandemic. In contrast, openness to change values, emphasizing self-direction and stimulation, showed a decrease during the pandemic, which was reversed in late 2020. Self-transcendence values, emphasizing care for close others, society, and nature, decreased by late 2020. These changes were amplified among individuals worrying about the pandemic. The results support psychological theory of values as usually stable, but also an adaptive system that responds to significant changes in environmental conditions. They also test a new mechanism for value change, worry.

Consumer values in the Brazilian market for ethical cosmetics

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Graciano ◽  
Aline Cafruni Gularte ◽  
Fernando Henrique Lermen ◽  
Marcia Dutra de Barcellos
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Homogeneous Sample ◽  
Environmental Preservation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Ethical Consumers ◽  
Consumer Values

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the personal values of consumers of ethical cosmetics in Brazil, using the resulting personality types to segment consumers for the development of strategies by Brazilian retailers and international players.Design/methodology/approachThis study administered the psychometric Values and Lifestyles Scale (VALS) via an online survey with 302 consumers of ethical cosmetics. First, exploratory factorial analysis was employed to identify the behavior of VALS' factors within the sample. Second, cluster analysis was performed using hierarchical clustering technique in order to link demographic variables and VALS' types to form specific consumer profiles.FindingsThe study found eight VALS types in the sample respondents but with a different configuration than the original factors. They were named, respectively, “Avant-garde”, “Oriented to fashion”, “Artisans”, “Committed to morality and religion”, “Leader of a group”, “Theoretical”, “Ingenious” and “Conservative”. Results indicated a demographically homogeneous sample with personality profiles mostly placed among VALS' original factors “Experiencer”, “Thinker” and “Innovator”.Research limitations/implicationsResults may vary within other cultural contexts and different means of investigation suggesting future research opportunities.Practical implicationsEthical demands concerning health and environmental preservation are no longer neglectable. The study of consumers' personal values can contribute to formulate suitable retail strategies for expected demands of consumers in the ethical cosmetics segment.Originality/valueThese findings are expected to provide resources for decision-makers, academics, practitioners and marketers concerning several points of sensitivity in their relationship with ethical consumers.

Influences on the intention to buy organic food in an emerging market

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 858-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Wagner Mainardes ◽  
Diana Von Borell de Araujo ◽  
Sarah Lasso ◽  
Daniel Modenesi Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Organic Food ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Intention To Purchase ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between personal values and attitudes in an emerging market. And the authors verified whether the attitude plays a mediating role between personal values and the intention to purchase these products in the same market. Design/methodology/approach Two surveys were conducted with consumers of organic food in Brazil. The first study was conducted at two organic products fairs and obtained 385 responses. The second study was conducted on the internet and obtained 270 responses. The Portrait Values Questionnaire 21, plus attitude scales and purchase intent regarding organic food, was used. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Findings Significant relationships were found between personal values, such as openness to change (positive influence), conservation (positive), self-promotion (positive) and self-transcendence (negative). Significant relationships were also found between three personal values and the purchase intention of organic food (conservation – positive, self-promotion – positive and self-transcendence – negative), with all of them being mediated by attitude. The effect of openness to change on purchase intention was indirect, being mediated by attitude. Originality/value The authors noticed two theoretical gaps. The first involves the need to explore the attitude as a mediator in the relationship between the human values proposed by Schwartz (1992, 1994) and the intention to purchase organic food. Another perceived gap was pointed out by Steenkamp et al. (1999), Burgess and Steenkamp (2006) and Sheth (2011). These authors argue that consumption is different in emerging markets to that in more mature markets. This limits the ability to generalise consumer studies conducted in developed countries. This reasoning also applies to organic food.

scholarly journals Explaining Variation in Parents' and Their Children's Stress During COVID-19 Lockdowns

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Toppe ◽  
Roman Stengelin ◽  
Louisa S. Schmidt ◽  
Naiera Amini ◽  
Nils Schuhmacher
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Community Size ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Family Constellation ◽  
Education Community ◽  
Self Transcendence

The coronavirus pandemic poses a substantial threat to people across the globe. In the first half of 2020, governments limited the spread of virus by imposing diverse regulations. These regulations had a particular impact on families as parents had to manage their occupational situation and childcare in parallel. Here, we examine a variation in parents' and children's stress during the lockdowns in the first half of 2020 and detect the correlates of families' stress. Between April and June 2020, we conducted an explorative online survey among n = 422 parents of 3- to 10-year-old children residing in 17 countries. Most participants came from Germany (n = 274), Iran (n = 70), UK (n = 23), and USA (n = 23). Parents estimated their own stress, the stress of their own children, and various information on potential correlates (e.g., accommodation, family constellation, education, community size, playtime for children, contact with peers, media consumption, and physical activity). Parents also stated personal values regarding openness to change, self-transcendence, self-enhancement, and conservation. The results indicate a substantial variation in the stress levels of families and their diverse reactions to regulations. Media consumption by children commonly increased in comparison to the time before the pandemic. Parents raising both pre-school- and school-aged children were at a particular risk of experiencing stress in response to regulations. Estimated stress and reactions varied with the age of children and the personal values of parents, suggesting that such variables need to be considered when implementing and evaluating regulations and supporting young families in the current and future pandemic.

scholarly journals Impact of Parenting Styles on Adolescents' Self-Esteem and Internalization of Values in Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Martínez ◽  
José Fernando García
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Conservation Values ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample of Spanish adolescents. A sample of 1456 teenagers from 13 to 16 years of age, of whom 54.3% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. The teenagers' parents were classified into one of four groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful). The adolescents were then contrasted on two different outcomes: (1) priority given to Schwartz's self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation (security, conformity, and tradition) values and (2) level of self-esteem (appraised in five domains: academic, social, emotional, family and physical). The results show that Spanish adolescents from indulgent households have the same or better outcomes than adolescents from authoritative homes. Parenting is related with two self-esteem dimensions—academic and family—and with all the self-transcendence and conservation values. Adolescents of indulgent parents show highest scores in self-esteem whereas adolescents from authoritarian parents obtain the worst results. In contrast, there were no differences between the priority given by adolescents of authoritative and indulgent parents to any of the self-transcendence and conservation values, whereas adolescents of authoritarian and neglectful parents, in general, assign the lowest priority to all of these values.

scholarly journals Values and their relationship to pro-environmental engagement: A comprehensive and systematic investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pollyane Kahelen da Costa Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Moral Identity ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Value Change ◽  
Behavioural Intentions ◽  
Environmental Engagement ◽  
Self Transcendence

<p>Environmental problems are a result of maladaptive human behaviour. One way to tackle these problems is by fostering values that underlie pro-environmental engagement. Research has shown that self-transcendence values (e.g., social justice, equality, and world at peace) are positively correlated to environmental attitudes and behaviours. The present research aims to advance past research by systematically assessing the role of values in motivating individuals’ pro-environmental engagement. Three empirical studies were conducted. Study 1 used a meta-analytical approach to provide a quantitative summary of research on the link between values and environmental outcomes. The final dataset included 47,660 participants from 41 countries and 90 independent samples. Results showed that the self-transcendence versus self-enhancement values dimension is the most often considered in the literature and, as expected, self-transcendence values are the best predictors of environmental outcomes. The analysis also showed that methodological aspects, such as the type of values measured, affected the association between values and environmental outcomes. Study 2 comprised two experiments using the value self-confrontation technique to promote value change and influence individuals’ environmental behavioural intentions. Experiment 1 was conducted with 189 university students (M = 20.00, SD = 3.43). Results from Experiment 1 showed that values were susceptible to change and that value change predicted environmental behavioural intentions. Experiment 2 was conducted with a sample of 115 participants from the general population (M = 35.00, SD = 4.61) and partially replicated the findings of Experiment 1. Importantly, Experiment 2 found that value change was dependent on how strongly individuals felt connected to the reference group. Study 3 tested the moderation effect of moral identity, self-efficacy, self-control and consideration of future consequences in the link between values and environmental behavioural intentions. A total of 221 participants (M = 21.68; SD = 5.92) took part in an online survey. Results indicated that only moral identity moderated the relationship between values and environmental behavioural intentions. It was found that moral identity enhanced the positive influence of self-transcendence values on environmental behavioural intentions. Findings are discussed considering the key role of self-transcendence values in fostering environmental behavioural intentions and the importance of identity in the values-environmental behavioural intentions link. Practical implications of the findings are also discussed.  Note: This thesis was a finalist for the Outstanding Postgraduate Research Award.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Personal Values on Political Consumption: The moderating role of interpersonal influence in social media

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Juliano Domingues Da Silva ◽  
Ana Tereza Delapedra ◽  
Ana Maria Campos Manoel ◽  
Isis Helena Martins Cassiolato
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Interpersonal Influence ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Political Consumption ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

This study aims to analyze the moderating effect of interpersonal influence in social media on the relationship between personal values and political consumption. Through a survey of 206 respondents, the results of linear regression analysis showed that the values of self-transcendence and openness to change are positively related to political consumption, whereas self-promotion has a negative relation. The results also showed that interpersonal influence in social media has a critical moderating effect since (i) amplifies political consumption of people with self-transcendence values and (ii) increases the political consumption of people with self-promotion values. This research expands the literature on consumer behavior by showing that personal values on political consumption depend on the individual's susceptibility to being influenced by social media.

Religious Orientations and Consumer Ethics

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafi M. M. I. Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Consumer Ethics ◽  
Ethical Consumption ◽  
Intrinsic Religiosity ◽  
Ethical Beliefs ◽  
Moral Philosophies ◽  
Religious Orientations ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Negative Beliefs

This study examines the roles of intrinsic religiosity, quest religiosity and personal moral philosophies (idealism and relativism) as predictors of consumers’ ethical beliefs. An online survey was conducted with 500 US consumers to identify these relationships. The results indicate that intrinsic religiosity and quest religiosity lead to negative beliefs regarding unethical consumer actions (actively benefiting from illegal actions, passively benefiting from the mistakes of the seller and actively benefiting from legal but questionable actions) and positive beliefs regarding pro-social actions mediated through idealism. Quest religiosity also leads to positive beliefs regarding unethical consumer actions (passively benefiting from the mistakes of the seller) mediated through relativism. Supplementing these indirect effects, intrinsic religiosity and quest religiosity have direct influences on some, but not all, dimensions of consumer ethics. Considering the mediating roles of idealism and relativism in relation to the effects of religiosity on consumer ethics, policies and practices that enhance idealism and reduce relativism should be supported to encourage ethical consumption.

Mortuary Rituals

2018 ◽  
pp. 352-369
Author(s):  
Anne Katrine de Hemmer Gudme
Keyword(s):  
Belief Systems ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Mortuary Ritual ◽  
Social Agent ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
Ritual Theory ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Afterlife Beliefs

This chapter discusses mortuary ritual practices among early Jews/Christians and Romans in order to draw a ritual profile of early Christian mortuary practices in their ancient Mediterranean context. The theoretical framework for the chapter is CSR-inspired ritual theory with a special focus on the ‘action perspective’, that is an underlying premise that ritual actions mirror social actions and that they are analysable as such. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to mortuary ritual in general, followed by a presentation of the most relevant sources (texts and archaeology). Finally, rituals of funeral and mourning and of visiting and eating with the dead are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between mortuary rituals and afterlife beliefs, in which it is argued that mortuary rituals are rarely influenced by dogma and belief systems, but are rather pragmatic, traditional, and local practices that are directed at the deceased as a social agent.

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