N-Nitroso Compound Precursors and Gastric Cancer: Preliminary Data of a Study on a Group of Farm Workers

1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dino Amadori ◽  
Alberto Ravaioli ◽  
Aligi Gardini ◽  
Marilena Liverani ◽  
Wainer Zoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Nitroso Compound ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
The Town

An epidemiological research on gastric cancer mortality rates carried out in the town of Forlì is reported. The results are significant as regards the relation between the urban and rural areas, and show a higher risk for gastric cancer in the rural area. Salivary nitrite measurement in 92 farm workers showed particularly high values (over 30 ppm in 4 individuals). Analysis of histological findings in biopsies performed during endoscopy in 46 persons of the group studied showed a great number of CAG and CAG + IM in asymptomatic individuals.

scholarly journals Comparison of the specific mortality rates in town and country districts of Scotland since 1871

1940 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barclay ◽  
W. O. Kermack ◽  
A. G. McKendrick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Town

1. An analysis by the “generation mortality” method of the specific mortality rates of the urban and rural areas of Scotland for various calendar periods from 1871 onwards shows that the “diagonal law” previously demonstrated for the population of Scotland as a whole, as well as for certain other European countries, holds for these two subdivisions of the community.2. Reasons are given for the assumption that the normalized “generation mortality coefficients” (α values) may be taken as a rough measure of the “healthiness” of the environmental conditions which obtained during the childhood of the generation to which they refer. This affords a basis for the comparison of the “healthiness” of the environment of town and country at different periods in the past.3. Whereas in the earlier half of the nineteenth century the ratio of the α values of country to town was in the neighbourhood of 0·6, indicating that the health conditions in the country might be said to be almost twice as good as in the towns, in 1931 it had risen to almost unity, showing that by that time the town had almost if not quite made up on the country. During this period both town and country conditions showed remarkable improvements, which are reflected in falls of the respective α (× 1000) values in the country from about 12 and in the town from over 20 in 1841, to a common level of about 4·7 in 1931.4. The essential vagueness of the conception of the “healthiness” of an environment is emphasized. It is consequently necessary not to attach too great importance to the estimate of the date, but the figures given in Table 5 confirm the conclusion that, as regards “healthiness”, between 1930 and 1935 conditions in town and country had become nearly equal.

scholarly journals Association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality rates in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Hwang ◽  
Jinhee Kwon ◽  
Hahn Yi ◽  
Hyun-Jin Bae ◽  
Miso Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background The association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), and mortality by ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), pneumonia (PN), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is unclear. We investigated whether living in an administrative district with heavy air pollution is associated with an increased risk of mortality by the diseases through an ecological study using South Korean administrative data over 19 years. Methods A total of 249 Si-Gun-Gus, unit of administrative districts in South Korea were studied. In each district, the daily concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and PM10 were averaged over 19 years (2001–2018). Age-adjusted mortality rates by IHD, CVD, PN and CLRD for each district were averaged for the same study period. Multivariate beta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between air pollutant concentrations and mortality rates, after adjusting for confounding factors including altitude, population density, higher education rate, smoking rate, obesity rate, and gross regional domestic product per capita. Associations were also estimated for two subgrouping schema: Capital and non-Capital areas (77:172 districts) and urban and rural areas (168:81 districts). Results For IHD, higher SO2 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas other air pollutants had null associations. For CVD, SO2 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate. For PN, O3 concentrations had significant positive associations with a higher mortality rate, while SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had significant negative associations. For CLRD, O3 concentrations were associated with an increased mortality rate, while CO, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had negative associations. In the subgroup analysis, positive associations between SO2 concentrations and IHD mortality were consistently observed in all subgroups, while other pollutant-disease pairs showed null, or mixed associations. Conclusion Long-term exposure to high SO2 concentration was significantly and consistently associated with a high mortality rate nationwide and in Capital and non-Capital areas, and in urban and rural areas. Associations between other air pollutants and disease-related mortalities need to be investigated in further studies.

scholarly journals Association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality rates in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Hwang ◽  
Jinhee Kwon ◽  
Hahn Yi ◽  
Hyun-Jin Bae ◽  
Miso Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: The association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), and mortality by ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), pneumonia (PN), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is unclear. We investigated whether living in an administrative district with heavy air pollution is associated with an increased risk of mortality by the diseases through an ecological study using South Korean administrative data over 19 years. Methods: A total of 249 Si-Gun-Gus, unit of administrative districts in South Korea were studied. In each district, the daily concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and PM10 were averaged over 19 years (2001–2018). Age-adjusted mortality rates by IHD, CVD, PN and CLRD for each district were averaged for the same study period. Multivariate beta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between air pollutant concentrations and mortality rates, after adjusting for confounding factors including altitude, population density, higher education rate, smoking rate, obesity rate, and gross regional domestic product per capita. Associations were also estimated for two subgrouping schema: Capital and non-Capital areas (77:172 districts) and urban and rural areas (168:81 districts). Results: For IHD, higher SO2 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas other air pollutants had null associations. For CVD, SO2 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate. For PN, O3 concentrations had significant positive associations with a higher mortality rate, while SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had significant negative associations. For CLRD, O3 concentrations were associated with an increased mortality rate, while CO, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had negative associations. In the subgroup analysis, positive associations between SO2 concentrations and IHD mortality were consistently observed in all subgroups, while other pollutant-disease pairs showed null, or mixed associations.Conclusion: Long-term exposure to high SO2 concentration was significantly and consistently associated with a high mortality rate nationwide and in Capital and non-Capital areas, and in urban and rural areas. Associations between other air pollutants and disease-related mortalities need to be investigated in further studies.

A COMPARISON OF PARAMETRIC MORTALITY MODELS TO GRADUATE URBAN AND RURAL MORTALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (04) ◽  
pp. 485-497
Author(s):  
Mushtaq Ahmad Khan Barakzai ◽  
Aqil Burney
Keyword(s):  
Loss Function ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Mortality Models ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This study examine twenty-nine parametric mortality models and assess their suitability for graduating mortality rates of urban and rural areas in Pakistan. Grouped age specific mortality rates of rural and urban populations for the year 2019 are used. The data is collected from the website of National Institute of Population Studies which conduct Maternal Mortality Survey in Pakistan on regular basis. The parametric mortality models were applied to rural and urban mortality data. We used R software to estimate the model’s parameters and assess their suitability for urban and rural populations. The suitability of these models was assessed by using 3 different loss functions. Our analyses found that the fourth type of Heligman-Polard’s model with loss function 3 provides reliable results for graduating the mortality of rural population while second type of Carriere model with loss function 3 produce best results for graduating the urban mortality of Pakistan. Based on two models, mortality rates of urban and rural population have been graduated over age range 0-85. We suggest the use the graduated mortality rates of urban and rural areas for pricing life insurance products in rural and urban areas respectively. In addition, graduated mortality rates are also suggested for use in calculation of life insurance liabilities.

Research on Strategies to Enhance Development Capability of Farmers in Jiangxi

2014 ◽  
Vol 687-691 ◽  
pp. 4721-4724
Author(s):  
Yu Rong Yu ◽  
Ling Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Surplus Labor ◽  
Labor Transfer ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Town ◽  
Development Capability

With economic globalization and integration development, the agricultural economic of China has reformed deeply. The very important issue in the development of the rural economy is to get the answer of how to achieve the integration of urban and rural areas; how rural surplus labor transfer to the town; how to avoid wanton waste of resources caused by mining, and so on. To solve the above problems and provide strategies to develop the development capability of farmers, the paper analyzed the conditions, background and specific cases of Jiangxi, and analyzed the areas which should be enhanced in priorities of farmers in Jiangxi Province. Finally, the paper provided strategies and policy recommendations to these areas.

scholarly journals Association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality rates in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Hwang ◽  
Jinhee Kwon ◽  
Hahn Yi ◽  
Hyun-Jin Bae ◽  
Miso Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: The association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), and mortality by ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), pneumonia (PN), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is unclear. We investigated whether living in an administrative district with heavy air pollution is associated with an increased risk of mortality by the diseases through an ecological study using South Korean administrative data over 19 years. Methods: A total of 249 Si-Gun-Gus, unit of administrative districts in South Korea were studied. In each district, the daily concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and PM10 were averaged over 19 years (2001–2018). Age-adjusted mortality rates by IHD, CVD, PN and CLRD for each district were averaged for the same study period. Multivariate beta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between air pollutant concentrations and mortality rates, after adjusting for confounding factors including altitude, population density, higher education rate, smoking rate, obesity rate, and gross regional domestic product per capita. Associations were also estimated for two subgrouping schema: Capital and non-Capital areas (77:172 districts) and urban and rural areas (168:81 districts). Results: For IHD, higher SO2 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas other air pollutants had null associations. For CVD, SO2 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate. For PN, O3 concentrations had significant positive associations with a higher mortality rate, while SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had significant negative associations. For CLRD, O3 concentrations were associated with an increased mortality rate, while CO, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had negative associations. In the subgroup analysis, positive associations between SO2 concentrations and IHD mortality were consistently observed in all subgroups, while other pollutant-disease pairs showed null, or mixed associations.Conclusion: Long-term exposure to high SO2 concentration was significantly and consistently associated with a high mortality rate nationwide and in Capital and non-Capital areas, and in urban and rural areas. Associations between other air pollutants and disease-related mortalities need to be investigated in further studies.

scholarly journals Association between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cardiopulmonary mortality rates in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongeun Hwang ◽  
Jinhee Kwon ◽  
Hahn Yi ◽  
Hyun-Jin Bae ◽  
Miso Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: The association between long-term exposure to air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), and mortality by ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), pneumonia (PN), and chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) is unclear. We investigated whether living in an administrative district with heavy air pollution is associated with an increased risk of mortality by the diseases through an ecological study using South Korean administrative data over 19 years. Methods: A total of 249 Si-Gun-Gus, unit of administrative districts in South Korea were studied. In each district, the daily concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, O3, and PM10 were averaged over 19 years (2001–2018). Age-adjusted mortality rates by IHD, CVD, PN and CLRD for each district were averaged for the same study period. Multivariate beta-regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations between air pollutant concentrations and mortality rates, after adjusting for confounding factors including altitude, population density, higher education rate, smoking rate, obesity rate, and gross regional domestic product per capita. Associations were also estimated for two subgrouping schema: Capital and non-Capital areas (77:172 districts) and urban and rural areas (168:81 districts). Results: For IHD, higher SO2 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate, whereas other air pollutants had null associations. For CVD, SO2 and PM10 concentrations were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate. For PN, O3 concentrations had significant positive associations with a higher mortality rate, while SO2, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had significant negative associations. For CLRD, O3 concentrations were associated with an increased mortality rate, while CO, NO2, and PM10 concentrations had negative associations. In the subgroup analysis, positive associations between SO2 concentrations and IHD mortality were consistently observed in all subgroups, while other pollutant-disease pairs showed null, or mixed associations.Conclusion: Long-term exposure to high SO2 concentration was significantly and consistently associated with a high mortality rate nationwide and in Capital and non-Capital areas, and in urban and rural areas. Associations between other air pollutants and disease-related mortalities need to be investigated in further studies.

Sexual networks in Uganda: mixing patterns between a trading town, its rural hinterland and a nearby fishing village

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Pickering ◽  
M Okongo ◽  
A Ojwiya ◽  
D Yirrell ◽  
J Whitworth
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
High Price ◽  
Fishing Village ◽  
Sexual Contacts ◽  
Partner Change ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Town

The study was based in south-west Uganda where significant differences in HIV prevalence have been found between urban and rural areas. Longitudinal data collected in a diary format was used to determine the extent to which high-risk men and women living in a truck stop/trading town had sexual contact with people from surrounding rural areas and a nearby fishing village. Study participants were 143 men, 75 of whom were resident in the town, 40 in a fishing village and 28 in rural areas, and 81 women, of whom 47 were resident in the town, 25 in the fishing village and 9 in a rural area. During 1687 man weeks the 143 men made 3149 trips and had 5189 sexual contacts. Ninety-two per cent of these sexual contacts occurred in the man's current place of residence and 21% were with a new partner. The 81 women participated for 1280 women weeks during which they recorded 6378 sexual contacts. Women who lived in the fishing village and the rural area had around 90% of their contacts with local men while those who lived in the town fell into 3 categories: women who charged a relatively high price for commercial sex had only 11% of contacts with men living in the town, while those who charged a tenth of the price had 71% of contacts with town men. The small number of women who fell into an intermediate category, in terms of price, had sexual contact with a wide variety of men. These findings show that there is little scope for HIV infection to spread between different residential or occupational groups. This may help to explain how large differences in HIV seropositivity between neighbouring localities can be maintained for long periods, despite considerable social and economic mixing between groups and high levels of sexual partner change within groups.

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