Hypophysarer Zwergwuchs beim Deutschen Schäferhund [Pituitary Dwarfism in a German Shepherd Dog—author's trans]

Pituitary Dwarfism in a German Shepherd Dog Pituitary dwarfism has been described in more than 20 German shepherd dogs. Some cases probably were caused by persistent cysts of Rathke's pouch. This is the first histopathological, immunohistochemical and endocrinological study. A 13-month-old, 7-kg, dwarf purebred German shepherd bitch with alopecia and hyper pigmentation was admitted to the clinic for euthanasia. Retardation of growth was noticed when the dog was about two months old. No littermates had this condition. Two subsequent breedings from the same parents produced normal offspring. The clinical parameters in our dog (hematology, function of liver and kidney) were normal. Grossly, the pituitary gland had small and large multiple cysts, which light microscopy showed to be exclusively within the adenohypophysis. The latter had pressure atrophy, and immunohistochemically showed only remnants of the hormone-producing cells (growth hormone—GH; prolactin—PRL; thyrotropin—TSH; luteinizing hormone—LH; adrenocorticotrophin—ACTH/MSH). The thyroid was relatively small, and histologically showed focally resting follicles without lumen. Endocrinological studies showed a surprisingly high value for serum growth hormone (cGH 4.1 ng/ml; normal range 1.8–3.8 ng/ml as determined by a specific homologous radioimmunoassay) and a pathologically low serum somatomedin (SM 0.132; normal value more than 0.50 unit/ml, determined by 35S incorporation in piglet rib cartilage). Hypothyroidism was verified by a low T4 binding value (T4 0.9 μg/100 ml; normal 4.1 ± 0.9 μg/100 ml) and a low thyroid binding index (TBI 0.54; normal 0.61 ± 0.05). While ACTH was lowered (ACTH <10 pg/ml; normal 74–210 pg/ml), cortisol was normal (0.81 μg/100 ml; normal 0.5–2.5 μg/100 ml). Pituitary dwarfism in the 13-month-old bitch can be ascribed to the persistence of one end of the ductus craniopharyngeus. Rathke's pouch. Pressure atrophy of the adenohypophysis led to the loss of most of the hormone-producing tissue. An increase in growth hormone with lowered somatomedin raises questions. We have no conclusive explanation for this, due to the present lack of knowledge of how growth is regulated. High growth hormone and low somatomedin values are found in Laron's syndrome in infants. The literature indicates that pituitary dwarfism in German shepherd dogs may be a hereditary autosomal recessive trait.

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Dwarfism in Tibetan Terrier dogs with an LHX3 mutation

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/10406387211007526 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104063872110075

Author(s):

Tuddow Thaiwong ◽

Sarah Corner ◽

Stacey La Forge ◽

Matti Kiupel

Keyword(s):

Hair Loss ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Early Death ◽

Deletion Mutation ◽

Recessive Trait ◽

Autosomal Recessive Trait ◽

German Shepherd ◽

Hair Coat ◽

Pituitary Dwarfism ◽

Autosomal Recessive Manner

Canine pituitary dwarfism in German Shepherd and related dog breeds has been reported to be associated with a 7-bp deletion mutation in intron 5 of the LHX3 gene. This mutation is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait that results in dwarf dogs with significantly smaller stature and abnormal haircoat, and potentially early death. Phenotypically, affected adult dogs are proportionally dwarfs. These dwarfs also have a soft, woolly puppy coat that fails to transition into the typical adult hair coat, and marked hair loss occurs in some dogs. We report a similar manifestation of dwarfism in Tibetan Terriers with the same LHX3 mutation. Dwarf Tibetan Terrier puppies were born physically normal but failed to gain weight or to grow at the same rate as their normal littermates. The 7-bp deletion mutation of the LHX3 gene was identified in both alleles of 3 Tibetan Terrier dwarfs from 3 litters, which were biologically related. All parents of these dogs are carriers, confirming transmission of dwarfism in an autosomal recessive manner. Recognition and detection of this mutation will help in guiding future breeding plans to eventually eliminate this trait from Tibetan Terriers.

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Effects of Rathke's Pouch Mesenchymal Cells on Growth Hormone and Prolactin Release from Pituitary Clonal Cells (2E6)

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.3181/00379727-158-40176 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 158 (2) ◽

pp. 224-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. A. Nash ◽

H. Ishikawa ◽

M. Shiino ◽

E. G. Rennels

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Mesenchymal Cells ◽

Prolactin Release ◽

Rathke’S Pouch ◽

Rathke's Pouch

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Treatment of pituitary dwarfism in children and teenagers in the Stavropol territory

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl201662110-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 10-15

Author(s):

Leonid Yakovlevich Klimov ◽

Roza Arturovna Atanesyan ◽

Tatyana Alekseevna Uglova ◽

Tatyana Michailovna Vdovina ◽

Viktoria Alexandrovna Kuryaninovna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Positive Impact ◽

High Growth ◽

The Body ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Hormone Deficiency ◽

Recombinant Growth Hormone ◽

Pituitary Dwarfism ◽

Initial Deviation ◽

Stavropol Region

The article is devoted to the analysis of clinical and anthropometric indicators of 38 children and adolescents with pituitary dwarfism in the Stavropol region, receiving replacement therapy with recombinant growth hormone (rGH). The authors demonstrated a high growth stimulating efficacy of the rGR, as well as a positive impact on the level of blood cholesterol in children with somatotropic deficiency. Prognostic factors influencing the effectiveness of treatment were found (chronological age of initiation of therapy, baseline SDS of growth). In particular, it is shown that therapy with preparations of GH in children aged 8 to 10 years allows you to achieve a higher growth-stimulating effect in comparison with patients whose treatment is carried out at a later age. The study of the relationship between the initial deviation of the length of the body and the results of therapy in patients with growth hormone deficiency illustrates that a pronounced lag in growth is a predictive factor provides a more significant effect drugs rGR.

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Hydrocephalus and hypothalamic involvement at the time of initial diagnosis – Impact on long-term prognosis in 177 pediatric patients with craniopharyngioma and cysts of Rathke's pouch recruited in HIT Endo

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-0035-1547671 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 122 (03) ◽

Author(s):

AMM Daubenbüchel ◽

A Hoffmann ◽

M Warmuth-Metz ◽

U Gebhardt ◽

AS Sterkenburg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pediatric Patients ◽

Initial Diagnosis ◽

Rathke’S Pouch ◽

Rathke's Pouch ◽

Long Term Prognosis

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Differential regulation of serum growth hormone (GH)-binding protein during continuous infusion versus daily injection of recombinant human GH in GH-deficient children.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.76.5.8496303 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 1135-1139 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M Tauber ◽

H De Bouet Du Portal ◽

B Sallerin-Caute ◽

P Rochiccioli ◽

R Bastide

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Continuous Infusion ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Differential Regulation ◽

Daily Injection ◽

Serum Growth Hormone

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Effect of dietary copper sources on performance, gastric ghrelin-RNA expression, and growth hormone concentrations in serum in piglets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz282 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (10) ◽

pp. 4242-4247 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ricardo Gonzalez-Esquerra ◽

Raquel B Araujo ◽

Douglas Haese ◽

Joao L Kill ◽

Anderson F Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Copper Chloride ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Control Group ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Serum Growth Hormone

Abstract Two performance studies were conducted to investigate the effects of 3 different sources of Cu on production parameters of piglets. A total of 256 piglets weaned at 24 ± 2 d were randomly allocated into 4 treatments with 10 or 8 replicates per treatment of 4 or 3 piglets per pen in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. The experimental period was divided into 3 feeding phases: Phase 1 (24 to 35 d), Phase 2 (36 to 49 d), and Phase 3 (50 to 70 d). Treatments included a Control group (fed 10 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO4), a group fed 160 mg/kg of either CuSO4 (CuSO4-160) or tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC), and a group fed Cu methionine hydroxy analogue chelated (Cu-MHAC) at 150, 80, and 50 mg/kg in Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The methionine value of Cu-MHAC was accounted during diet formulation to achieve the same levels of methionine across treatments. Phases 1 and 2 diets contained 2,200 and 1,500 ppm of ZnO, respectively; and antibiotics were used as growth promoters. Performance parameters were analyzed as completely randomized block design, in which each experiment was considered as a block. In trial 2, blood serum and mucosal samples, from the fundic region of the stomach, were collected from 1 piglet per replicate at day 70 and tested for serum growth hormone levels (GH) and ghrelin mRNA expression, respectively. The contrast between Cu-MHAC vs. CuSO4-160 + TBCC showed that piglets fed Cu-MHAC exhibited better feed conversion ratio (FCR) in all feeding phases compared with feeding inorganic Cu (P < 0.05). Overall, feeding Cu-MHAC improved body weight (BW), BW gain, feed intake (FI), and FCR vs. Control diet fed piglets; yet, it improved BW and FCR vs. TBCC fed piglets, and improved BW, BW gain, and FI vs. CuSO4-160 fed piglets (P < 0.05). Feeding TBCC promoted similar performance than feeding CuSO4-160, regardless of age (P > 0.05). Both ghrelin expression and growth hormone serum levels were significantly increased by feeding Cu-MHAC vs. Control diet fed animals (P < 0.01). Feeding CuSO4-160 upregulated ghrelin expression vs. Control (P < 0.01) while GH serum levels and ghrelin expression did no change by feeding TBCC compared with Control diet fed animals (P > 0.05). It was concluded that feeding Cu-MHAC at the levels tested herein can improve growth performance of piglets beyond feeding 160 ppm of either CuSO4 or TBCC, which may be partially explained by the increased expression of ghrelin and GH serum levels.

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Czechoslovakian Wolfdog Genomic Divergence from Its Ancestors Canis lupus, German Shepherd Dog, and Different Sheepdogs of European Origin

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12060832 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 832

Author(s):

Nina Moravčíková ◽

Radovan Kasarda ◽

Radoslav Židek ◽

Luboš Vostrý ◽

Hana Vostrá-Vydrová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Demographic History ◽

Genome Structure ◽

Principal Component ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

German Shepherd ◽

German Shepherd Dog ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Scale Population ◽

History Effect

This study focused on the genomic differences between the Czechoslovakian wolfdog (CWD) and its ancestors, the Grey wolf (GW) and German Shepherd dog. The Saarloos wolfdog and Belgian Shepherd dog were also included to study the level of GW genetics retained in the genome of domesticated breeds. The dataset consisted of 131 animals and 143,593 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The effects of demographic history on the overall genome structure were determined by screening the distribution of the homozygous segments. The genetic variance distributed within and between groups was quantified by genetic distances, the FST index, and discriminant analysis of principal components. Fine-scale population stratification due to specific morphological and behavioural traits was assessed by principal component and factorial analyses. In the CWD, a demographic history effect was manifested mainly in a high genome-wide proportion of short homozygous segments corresponding to a historical load of inbreeding derived from founders. The observed proportion of long homozygous segments indicated that the inbreeding events shaped the CWD genome relatively recently compared to other groups. Even if there was a significant increase in genetic similarity among wolf-like breeds, they were genetically separated from each other. Moreover, this study showed that the CWD genome carries private alleles that are not found in either wolves or other dog breeds analysed in this study.

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