scholarly journals Experimental Neosporosis in Pregnant Ewes and Their Offspring

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. McAllister ◽  
A. M. McGuire ◽  
W. R. Jolley ◽  
D. S. Lindsay ◽  
A. J. Trees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
Cerebral Necrosis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Caninum Tachyzoites ◽  
Clinical And Pathological Features

Six groups of six pregnant ewes each were inoculated with 170,000 or 1,700,000 tachyzoites of Neospora caninum on gestation day 65, 90, or 120. All ewes seroconverted, and none showed signs of illness other than abortion. Regardless of the inoculum dose, all ewes inoculated on gestation day 65 aborted: ewes inoculated on gestation day 90 aborted, gave birth to weak lambs, or gave birth to clinically normal lambs; and all ewes inoculated on gestation day 120 gave birth to clinically normal lambs. Using an immunohistological procedure that stains bradyzoites, we observed protozoal cysts in brains of 11 of 29 (38%) aborted fetuses, in one of four (25%) weak lambs, and in seven of 18 (39%) clinically normal lambs. Cysts were not observed in extraneural tissues from two clinically normal lambs that had cysts in the brain. No evidence of infection was observed in tissues of five ewes examined using an immunohistological procedure that stains N. caninum tachyzoites and bradyzoites. Multifocal nonsuppurative encephalitis was observed in 46 of 51 (90%) aborted, weak, or clinically normal lambs. Cerebral necrosis, dystrophic mineralization, and meningitis were also commonly identified in live and aborted lambs (even when severely autolyzed). Nonsuppurative, necrotizing placentitis was observed in 15 of 17 (88%) placentas. Nonsuppurative myositis was common in fetuses but not in live lambs. Inflammation occurred less frequently in liver and lung. Clinical and pathological features of neosporosis in sheep closely resemble those of bovine neosporosis and ovine toxoplasmosis. Although abortion caused by naturally occurring neosporosis in sheep has not been reported, diagnosticians should carefully distinguish between neosporosis and toxoplasmosis in cases of ovine protozoal abortion unless future investigations exclude the likelihood of naturally acquired neosporosis in sheep.

scholarly journals Bovine Fetal Neosporosis: A Comparison of Epizootic and Sporadic Abortion Cases and Different Age Classes with Regard to Lesion Severity and Immunohistochemical Identification of Organisms in Brain, Heart, and Liver

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wouda ◽  
A. R. Moen ◽  
I. J. R. Visser ◽  
F. van Knapen
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Hepatocellular Necrosis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Bovine Fetuses ◽  
Hepatic Lesions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Caninum Tachyzoites ◽  
Lesion Severity ◽  
Immunohistochemical Identification

Eighty bovine fetuses with confirmed neosporosis were used to score lesion severity and presence of parasites in brain, heart, and liver. A comparison was made between epizootic and sporadic abortion cases. The possible influence of fetal age was also investigated. Histologic lesions of multifocal encephalitis, myocarditis, and periportal hepatitis with or without focal hepatocellular necrosis were almost always observed. Neospora caninum tachyzoites were identified immunohistochemically in 85% of the brains, 14% of the hearts, and 26% of the livers. Tissue cysts were observed in 21% of the brains. Significant differences between epizootic and sporadic abortion cases were found only in the liver. Hepatic lesions were more prominent and N. caninum tachyzoites were observed more frequently and in higher numbers in epizootic cases. Examination by immunohistochemistry of the liver in addition to the brain can be highly contributive diagnostically, particularly in epizootic cases. There were no significant age-related differences except for a higher presence of tachyzoites in the hearts of younger fetuses (3-4 months gestational age).

Supratentorial intra-arachnoid cyst

1971 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitya R. Ghatak ◽  
Grace J. Mushrush
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Arachnoid Cyst ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Arachnoid Cysts ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical And Pathological Features ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The clinical and pathological features of a primary supratentorial arachnoid cyst are described. Expansion of the cyst led to progressive neurological deficits that terminated fatally. There was severe compression and marked distortion of the brain with secondary brain stem hemorrhage. It is suggested that intra-arachnoid cysts may represent a distinct pathological entity among the heterogeneous cysts overlying the cerebral hemisphere.

scholarly journals Neospora caninum DNA distribution in tissues of gerbils as experimental models of chronic neosporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1719-1726
Author(s):  
G. Toscan ◽  
A.S. Cezar ◽  
P. Bräunig ◽  
G.R. Pereira ◽  
A.C. Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Infection ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cyst Formation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Bovine Neosporosis ◽  
Caninum Tachyzoites ◽  
Different Doses

ABSTRACT Neospora caninum is the main etiologic agent of neosporosis in domestic animals and its pathogenesis comprises two characteristic phases: acute and chronic. Rodents are used as experimental models to mimic acute and chronic bovine neosporosis. In this study, we inoculated a total of 27 female gerbils, with different doses of N. caninum tachyzoites aiming to induce chronic disease. DNA was extracted from different organs of each animal after spontaneous death or euthanasia. Encephalic tissues were submitted to a highly sensitive real time PCR aiming to detect chronically infected animals. All the other samples were submitted to standard PCR. A total of 11 gerbils died due to acute neosporosis, as confirmed by N. caninum DNA detection in organs. 5x103 tachyzoites/mL of N. caninum was the dosage of antigen that can induce chronic infection in gerbils. In the encephalon sections of some animals that showed clinical signs of persistent infection, we found 70% positive for the anterior encephalon section, suggesting this area as preferential for cyst formation. Therefore, we determined the doses of tachyzoites that cause acute or chronic infection and detection of positive tissues, preferably, systemic organs during acute and encephalon in chronic phases.

Cannabis-associated arteritis

VASA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grotenhermen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Thromboangiitis Obliterans ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Clinical And Pathological Features

Background: To investigate the hypothesis that cases of arteritis similar to thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) and associated with the use of cannabis were caused by cannabis or THC (dronabinol), or that cannabis use is a co-factor of TAO. Patients and methods: A systematic review on case reports and the literature on so-called cannabis arteritis, TAO, and cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids was conducted. Results: Fifteen reports with 57 cases of an arteritis associated with the use of cannabis and two additional case series of TAO, in which some patients also used cannabis, were identified. Clinical and pathological features of cannabis-associated arteritis do not differ from TAO and the major risk factor of TAO, tobacco use, was present in most, if not in all of these cases. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms for the development of an arteritis by cannabis use are not substantiated. Conclusions: The hypothesis of cannabis being a causative factor or co-factor of TAO or an arteritis similar to TAO is not supported by the available evidence. The use of the term “cannabis arteritis” should be avoided until or unless more convincing scientific support is forthcoming.

Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming the Blood-brain Barrier to Treat Tauopathies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1448-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Hanes ◽  
Eva Dobakova ◽  
Petra Majerova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Brain

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The application of potentially effective therapeutics for their successful treatment is hampered by the presence of a naturally occurring brain protection layer called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, where sufficient BBB penetration is inevitable. BBB is a heavily restricting barrier regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS to secure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from dangerous substances and processes. Yet, these natural functions possessed by BBB represent a great hurdle for brain drug delivery. This review is concentrated on summarizing the available methods and approaches for effective therapeutics’ delivery through the BBB to treat neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on tauopathies. It describes the traditional approaches but also new nanotechnology strategies emerging with advanced medical techniques. Their limitations and benefits are discussed.

Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Fatima ◽  
Yasir Hasan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail with special emphasis on the tangeritin.

scholarly journals The Potential Effects of Phytoestrogens: The Role in Neuroprotection

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2954
Author(s):  
Justyna Gorzkiewicz ◽  
Grzegorz Bartosz ◽  
Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
Keyword(s):  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Estrogen Therapy ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Estrogen Synthesis ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
The Brain

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring non-steroidal phenolic plant compounds. Their structure is similar to 17-β-estradiol, the main female sex hormone. This review offers a concise summary of the current literature on several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens, mainly their neuroprotective effect. Phytoestrogens lower the risk of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis, as well as cardiovascular disease. They also reduce the risk of brain disease. The effects of phytoestrogens and their derivatives on cancer are mainly due to the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and metabolism, leading to antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and epigenetic effects. The brain controls the secretion of estrogen (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis). However, it has not been unequivocally established whether estrogen therapy has a neuroprotective effect on brain function. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens seem to be related to both their antioxidant properties and interaction with the estrogen receptor. The possible effects of phytoestrogens on the thyroid cause some concern; nevertheless, generally, no serious side effects have been reported, and these compounds can be recommended as health-promoting food components or supplements.

scholarly journals Evidence for Unknown Sarcocystis-Like Infection in Stranded Striped Dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Ligurian Sea, Italy

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Federica Giorda ◽  
Umberto Romani-Cremaschi ◽  
Antoinette E. Marsh ◽  
Carla Grattarola ◽  
Barbara Iulini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Ligurian Sea ◽  
Sarcocystis Neurona ◽  
Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽  
Polyclonal Antisera ◽  
Ligurian Coast ◽  
Sarcocystis Falcatula ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Two striped dolphins (SD1, SD2), stranded along the Ligurian coast of Italy, were diagnosed with a nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis associated with previously undescribed protozoan tissue cysts. As tissue cysts were morphologically different from those of Toxoplasma gondii, additional histopathological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and biomolecular investigations were performed, aiming to fully characterize the organism. Histopathology revealed the presence of large Sarcocystis-like tissue cysts, associated with limited inflammatory lesions in all CNS areas studied. IHC was inconclusive, as positive staining with polyclonal antisera did not preclude cross-reaction with other Sarcocystidae coccidia. Applied to each animal, 11 different PCR protocols precluded a neural infection by Sarcocystis neurona, Sarcocystis falcatula, Hammondia hammondi, and Neospora caninum. T. gondii coinfection was confirmed only in dolphin SD2. Sarcocystis sp. sequences, showing the highest homology to species infecting the Bovidae family, were amplified from SD1 myocardium and SD2 skeletal muscle. The present study represents the first report of Sarcocystis-like tissue cysts in the brain of stranded cetaceans along with the first description of Sarcocystis sp. infection in muscle tissue of dolphins from the Mediterranean basin.

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