Rural and Urban Differences in the Commission of Animal Cruelty

Despite the recent surge in society's interest in human violence, relatively few studies have been conducted examining the closely related phenomenon of animal cruelty. Although several researchers have begun to identify some of the correlates of animal cruelty, few have attempted to understand how differences in the backgrounds of rural and urban residents have led to their abuse of animals. Using survey data from261 inmates, the authors investigate how demographic, familial differences and species type have contributed to the frequency of acts of animal cruelty. In general, early exposure to animal abuse is a strong predictor of the subsequent behavior. However, rural inmates learned to be cruel by watching family members exclusively, whereas urban inmates learned from family members and friends. Moreover, urban inmates chose dogs, cats, and wild animals as their target animals; however, rural inmates chose only cats.

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Truth-Telling to Terminal Stage Cancer Patients in India: A Study of the General Denial to Disclosure

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.1177/00302228211032732 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003022282110327

Author(s):

Souvik Mondal

Keyword(s):

Cancer Patients ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Family Members ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Truth Telling ◽

Full Disclosure ◽

Terminal Stage ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Private And Public

Telling the truth to the terminal-stage cancer patients differs socio-culturally based on the priorities assigned to patients’ autonomy and the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence. After conducting in-depth interviews with 108 terminal-stage adult cancer patients, 306 family members, and 25 physicians, in private and public hospitals in both rural and urban areas, in the state of West Bengal, India it has been found that even though 85.60% of the patients prefer full disclosure, only 22.03% are actually informed. Though demographic characteristics, like age, gender, education etc., have marginal influences over the pattern of truth-telling, the main factor behind non-disclosure is the family members’ preference for principles of beneficence and non-maleficence over patient autonomy. Hence, only 9.32% of those 118 patients’ family members have agreed to full disclosure. Physicians comply with this culture of non-disclosure as family, in India, is the centre of decision-making and acts as the primary unit of care.

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1. A Survey of Rural and Urban Residents’ Living Conditions in Eleven Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions in Western China

The China Society Yearbook ◽

10.1163/9789047422778_003 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 23-44

Keyword(s):

Living Conditions ◽

Western China ◽

Urban Residents ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Autonomous Regions

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The Evolution of Educational Inequality between Rural and Urban Residents in China: A Cohort Analysis

10.31124/advance.12625172.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yifei Lu

Keyword(s):

Social Stratification ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Social Groups ◽

Urban Residents ◽

Institutional Discrimination ◽

Class Differences ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Main Driver

<p>This study focuses on how social reform and social changes affect the educational inequality between social groups, specifically the rural and urban Chinese. Existing sociology theories address the class difference drives educational inequality, and treat social group differences as a byproduct of class differences. By analyzing the evolution and components of the educational gap between rural and urban residents in China, this study found that the main driver of the educational gap between rural and urban residents varies in different historical periods. In the low social stratification period, if the effect of institutional discrimination is small, the educational gap is small; in the high social stratification period with more significant institutional discrimination, the inferior rural residents are double jeopardized. These results imply the educational inequality between social groups is driven by both structural changes and discriminatory policies, but if institutional discrimination is the main driver, policies aim to reduce the structural inequality will have little effect on reducing inequality.</p>

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COMPARISON OF THE FINANCIAL SITUATION OF RURAL AND URBAN RESIDENTS IN THE PERIOD 2015-2020

Economy, labor, management in agriculture ◽

10.33938/2111-94 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 94-103

Author(s):

Valeriia Aleksandrovna Arefeva ◽

Ekaterina Andreevna Galaktionova ◽

Valerii Aleksandrovich Saraikin

Keyword(s):

Urban Residents ◽

Financial Situation ◽

Rural And Urban

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DIETS OF RURAL AND URBAN RESIDENTS IN THE PERIOD 2015-2020

Economy, labor, management in agriculture ◽

10.33938/21121-58 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 58-65

Author(s):

Valeriia Aleksandrovna Arefeva ◽

Ekaterina Andreevna Galaktionova ◽

Valerii Aleksandrovich Saraikin

Keyword(s):

Urban Residents ◽

Rural And Urban

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Ground Fictions

10.7591/cornell/9781501753732.003.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 86-103

Author(s):

Meghan L. Morris

Keyword(s):

Landslide Risk ◽

Urban Residents ◽

Land Claims ◽

War And Peace ◽

Key Factors ◽

Water Flows ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Land Titling

This chapter analyzes a context where the material fixity of land has been repeatedly called into question, examining how stories about soil's materiality become key factors in bringing new forms of property into being in post-conflict Colombia. The chapter demonstrates how soil's actual fluidity makes what it calls “ground fictions” central to many land claims. Building on long-term fieldwork in both rural Urabá and urban Medellín, it reveals that legal moves, such as land titling and the establishment of protected land reserves, are only part of market making. Surface water flows expand and dry up seasonally, making fictions of soil's dryness via alluvial accession central to encroaching claims to “new land” on Urabá's floodplains. Similarly, fictions about land's physical instability and landslide risk first became central to squatters' ability to access peripheral, nonmarket land in Medellín but subsequently undermined their ownership claims once the state sought to protect these long-neglected urban residents from their own risky soils. Ultimately, the juxtaposition of these two sites in the chapter sheds light on the ways that the soil becomes a crucial player in war and peace through its foundational role in the property rules that come to redefine both rural and urban land markets in the unfolding of the conflict and attempts to bring it to a close.

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Estimating Chinese rural and urban residents’ carbon consumption and its drivers: considering capital formation as a productive input

Environment Development and Sustainability ◽

10.1007/s10668-019-00432-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 5443-5464 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ming Cao ◽

Wei Kang ◽

Qingren Cao ◽

M. Jawad Sajid

Keyword(s):

Capital Formation ◽

Urban Residents ◽

Carbon Consumption ◽

Rural And Urban

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IMPACT OF FAMILY FUNCTION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-PERCEPTION OF AGING AND STRESS IN MIDLIFE

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.1718 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S459-S459

Author(s):

Hyun-E Yeom ◽

Eunyoung Park ◽

Misook Jung

Keyword(s):

Strong Predictor ◽

Family Members ◽

Subjective Health ◽

Transitional Period ◽

Self Perception ◽

Subjective Health Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Family Function ◽

The Impact

Abstract Midlife is a transitional period with considerable stress related to health changes and interpersonal responsibilities. Understanding how self-perception of aging and family function affect stress is essential to improve quality of life in midlife and beyond. The purpose of this study was to examine the association among self-perception of aging, family function, and stress with a specific focus on the interaction between self-perception of aging and family function, which affect stress in midlife Koreans. This is a cross-sectional study. Data on a convenience sample of 249 midlife Koreans (age mean= 50.6, 50.1% male) were collected through a self-administered survey and analyzed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Self-perception of aging was significantly related to family function (r= -.121, p=.045), and family function was related to stress (r= -.402, p<.000). Self-perception of aging was a significant predictor for stress (β= -.130, p=.008) after adjusting for age, gender, subjective health status, and chronic health problems. A significant interaction between family function and self-perception of aging on stress was found (β= -.261, p=.006), indicating that the influence of self-perception of aging on stress was different depending on family function. Self-perception of aging was a strong predictor of stress in individuals who reported poorer support from family members, but not in those who reported better support. Our findings emphasize the importance of supportive family function, which could regulate the impact of self-perception of aging on stress in midlife. Developing psycho-cognitive interventions to improve self-perception of aging and supportive interaction between family members is warranted.

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Believe #metoo: sexual violence and interpersonal disclosure experiences among women attending a sexual assault service in Australia: a mixed-methods study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026773 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. e026773 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susan Rees ◽

Lisa Simpson ◽

Clare A McCormack ◽

Batool Moussa ◽

Sue Amanatidis

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Mixed Methods ◽

Sexual Assault ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Research Policy ◽

Strong Predictor ◽

Family Members ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Local Health ◽

Post Traumatic Stress

ObjectivesSexual abuse is a strong predictor of future psychiatric problems. A more nuanced qualitative understanding of mental health outcomes, in the context of interpersonal responses from family members towards survivors after sexual abuse, may help to better inform prevention and interventions.DesignA mixed-methods approach included a qualitative timeline method to map and identify contextual factors and mediating emotional responses associated with mental disorder following sexual abuse.SettingParticipants were adult survivors of sexual abuse, seeking support from the Sexual Assault Counselling Service, Sydney Local Health District, Australia.ParticipantsThirty women 18 years and older with current or past mental disorder or symptoms were interviewed between August 2015 and May 2016.Outcome measuresA qualitative timeline interview and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI, 5.5.0) were applied.ResultsThe MINI prevalence of current post-traumatic stress disorder was 96.6% (n=28) and of major depressive disorder was 82.8% (n=24). More than half (53%) reported suicidal ideation at some time in their lives. Women exposed to childhood sexual abuse reported being ignored, not believed, or threatened with retribution on disclosing the abuse to others, usually adult family members, at or close to the time of the violation(s). Participants described experiences of self-blame, betrayal, and psychosocial vulnerability as being the responses that connected negative disclosure experiences with mental disorder. Participant accounts suggest that these reactions created the foundations for both immediate and long-term adverse psychological outcomes.ConclusionA more in-depth understanding of the type and emotional impact of negative responses to disclosure by parents and other family members, and the barriers to adequate support, validation and trust, may inform strategies to avert much of the longer-term emotional difficulties and risks that survivors encounter following childhood abuse experiences. These issues should receive closer attention in research, policy, and practice.

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